• 신재생에너지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

Shingled technology is the latest cell interconnection technology developed in the photovoltaic (PV) industry due to its reduced resistance loss, low-cost, and innovative electrically conductive adhesive (ECA). There are several advantages associated with shingled technology to develop cell to module (CTM) such as the module area enlargement, low processing temperature, and interconnection; these advantages further improves the energy yield capacity. This review paper provides valuable insight into CTM loss when cells are interconnected by shingled technology to form modules. The fill factor (FF) had improved, further reducing electrical power loss compared to the conventional module interconnection technology. The commercial PV module technology was mainly focused on different performance parameters; the module maximum power point (Pmpp), and module efficiency. The module was then subjected to anti-reflection (AR) coating and encapsulant material to absorb infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) light, which can increase the overall efficiency of the shingled module by up to 24.4%. Module fabrication by shingled interconnection technology uses EGaIn paste; this enables further increases in output power under standard test conditions. Previous research has demonstrated that a total module output power of approximately 400 Wp may be achieved using shingled technology and CTM loss may be reduced to 0.03%, alongside the low cost of fabrication.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.282-287
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• 2019

The photovoltaic properties of $TiO_2$ used for the electron transport layer in perovskite solar cells(PSCs) are compared according to the particle size. The PSCs are fabricated and prepared by employing 20 nm and 30 nm $TiO_2$ as well as a 1:1 mixture of these particles. To analyze the microstructure and pores of each $TiO_2$ layer, a field emission scanning electron microscope and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) method are used. The absorbance and photovoltaic characteristic of the PSC device are examined over time using ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectroscopy and a solar simulator. The microstructural analysis shows that the $TiO_2$ shape and layer thicknesses are all similar, and the BET analysis results demonstrate that the size of $TiO_2$ and in surface pore size is very small. The results of the photovoltaic characterization show that the mean absorbance is similar, in a range of about 400-800 nm. However, the device employing 30 nm $TiO_2$ demonstrates the highest energy conversion efficiency(ECE) of 15.07 %. Furthermore, it is determined that all the ECEs decrease over time for the devices employing the respective types of $TiO_2$. Such differences in ECE based on particle size are due to differences in fill factor, which changes because of changes in interfacial resistance during electron movement owing to differences in the $TiO_2$ particle size, which is explained by a one-dimensional model of the electron path through various $TiO_2$ particles.

• 공업화학
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.36-44
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• 2023

코어-쉘 TiO₂/Ag 나노입자를 수정된 졸-겔 공정과 함께 acetoxime을 환원제로 사용한 물/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DDBA)/cyclohexane의 역 미셀 방법으로 합성하였다. 합성된 TiO₂/Ag 나노입자의 구조, 형태 및 크기를 XRD, UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM, TEM 및 TGA를 이용하여 조사하였다. TiO₂/Ag 나노입자의 크기는 [물]/[DDBA]의 몰비를 조절하여 제어할 수 있었다. TiO₂/Ag 나노입자의 크기와 다분산성은 [물]/[DDBA]의 몰비가 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 아나타제 결정상의 TiO₂ 나노입자 위에 생성된 Ag 나노입자는 430 nm 주변에서 강한 표면 플라즈몬 공명(SPR) 흡수 특성을 나타내었다. SPR 피크는 나노입자 크기의 증가에 따라 장파장으로의 적색 이동이 나타났다. 70 wt% 조성으로 TiO₂/Ag 나노입자를 분산시켜 전도성 페이스트를 제조하고, 스크린 인쇄법으로 PET 필름에 코팅하여 전도성을 조사하였다. TiO₂/Ag 나노입자 페이스트로 코팅된 필름은 상용 Ag 페이스트의 경우보다 높은 405~630 μΩ/sq 영역의 표면저항을 나타내었다.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

본 연구의 목적은 중온화 첨가제(LEADCAP$^{(R)}$)를 사용한 중온 아스팔트 바인더의 노화 방법에 따른 물성 변화 특성을 평가하고자 하였다. 아스팔트 바인더의 노화 거동을 모사하기 위해 단기노화인 RFTO를 실시하였으며, 햇빛에 의한 자연 노화 거동을 알아보기 위해 자외선 경화기를 이용하여 자외선에 의한 열화거동을 모사하였다. 이러한 열화 중온 아스팔트 바인더의 역학적인 물성과 유변동학적인 특성을 시험하기 위해서 만능시험기(UTM)과 동적전단유동기를 이용하여 직접인장력과 유변동학적인 거동을 평가하였다. 또한, 열분석 장비를 이용하여 온도에 따른 중온 아스팔트 바인더의 특성을 평가하여, 자외선 노출에 따른 열화가 발생하여도 온도에 따른 물성 변화가 많이 발생하지 않음을 발견하였다. $70^{\circ}C$에서 중온화 첨가제가 첨가한 단기노화 중온 아스팔트 바인더의 경우, PG 등급에서의 고온 등급의 기준값을 만족함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 저온에서 중온 아스팔트 바인더의 인장 특성을 평가한 결과, 인장강도 향상과 함께 인장력이 증가됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.2185-2189
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• 2010

Closely arranged CdSe and Zn doped CdSe vertical nanorod bundles were grown directly on FTO coated glass by using electrodeposition method. Structural analysis by XRD showed the hexagonal phase without any precipitates related to Zn. FE-SEM image showed end capped vertically aligned nanorods arranged closely. From the UV-vis transmittance spectra, band gap energy was found to vary between 1.94 and 1.98 eV due to the incorporation of Zn. Solar cell parameters were obtained by assembling photoelectrochemical cells using CdSe and CdSe:Zn photoanodes, Pt cathode and polysulfide (1M $Na_2S$ + 1M S + 1M NaOH) electrolyte. The efficiency was found to increase from 0.16 to 0.22 upon Zn doping. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) indicate that the charge-transfer resistance on the FTO/CdSe/polysulfide interface was greater than on FTO/CdSe:Zn/polysulfide. Cyclic voltammetry results also indicate that the FTO/CdSe:Zn/polysulfide showed higher activity towards polysulfide redox reaction than that of FTO/CdSe/polysulfide.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2017

Microfiltration (MF) and Ultrafiltration (UF) membrane processes capable of producing highly purified water have been extensively applied as a pretreatment process in the wastewater reuse field with the improvement of membrane properties and resistance, development of operating protocols, and improvement of technologies of backwashing and physicochemical cleaning, and improvement of scale and antifoulants. However, despite of the development of membrane production and process technologies, fouling still remains unresolved. This study confirmed that foulants such as polysaccharides, proteins and humic substances existed in final treated effluent (secondary effluent) by fluorescence excitation emission matrix (FEEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. In addition, when constructing ozone oxidation and coagulation processes as a hybrid process, the removal efficiency was 5.8%, 6.9%, 5.9%, and 28.2% higher than that of the single process using coagulation in turbidity, color, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and UV254, respectively. The reversible and irreversible resistances in applying the hybrid process consisting of ozone oxidation and coagulation processes were lower than those in applying ozone oxidation and coagulation processes separately in UF membrane process. Therefore, it is considered possible to apply ozonation/coagulation as a pretreatment process for stable wastewater reuse by and then contributing to the reduction of fouling when calculating the optimal conditions for ozone oxidation and coagulation and then to applying them to membrane processes.

• Journal of Species Research
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.222-230
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• 2018

Six bacterial strains 18JY42-3, 18SH, 18JY76-11, 17J11-11, 18JY14-14, and 18JY15-11 assigned to the phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were isolated from soil samples in Korea. The Cohnella species, strain 18JY42-3 was Gram-stain-positive, short rod-shaped and beige-colored. The Methylobacterium species, strains 18SH and 18JY76-11 were Gram-stain-negative, short rod-shaped and pink-colored. The Microterricola species, strain 17J11-11 was Gram-stain-positive, short rod-shaped and yellow-colored. The Paenarthrobacter species, strains 18JY14-14 and 18JY15-11 were Gram-stain-positive, short rod-shaped and white-colored. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strains 18JY42-3, 18SH, 18JY76-11, 17J11-11, 18JY14-14, and 18JY15-11 were most closely related Cohnella rhizosphaerae (MH497628; 98.8%), Methylobacterium goesingense (MH497632; 99.1%), Methylobacterium populi (MH497635; 99.9%), Microterricolagilva (MH504108; 98.4%), Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans (MH497641; 100%), and Paenarthrobacter nitroguajacolicus (MH497646; 99.2%), respectively. All the six unrecorded strains showed resistance to UV radiation. This is the first report of these six species in Korea.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.311-317
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• 2003

Felodipine is a calcium antagonist that lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral resistance by meas of a direct, selective action on smooth muscle in arterial resistance vessels. Futhermore, it have been approved for the effective in angina pectoris and cardiac failure. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two felodipine extended release (ER) tablets, Splendil (YuHan Corporation) and Stapin (Hana Pharmaceutial Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The felodipine release from the two felodipine formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method at pH 6.5 buffer solution. Twenty six healthy male subjects, $22.73{\pm}1.78$ years in age and $66.66{\pm}7.28\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a radomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After two tablets containing 5 mg as felodipine were orally administered, blood sample was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of felodipine in serum were determined using column-switching HPLC method with UV detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at pH 6.5 buffer solution. Besides, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the Splendil were 2.53%, 1.32% and 18.32% for $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance rage of log(0.86) to log(1.25) $(e.g.,\;log(0.86){\sim}log(1.20)\;and\;log(0.89){\sim}log(1.23)\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max},\;respectively)$. Thus, the criteria of the KFDA guidelines for the bioequivalence was satisfied, indicating Stapin ER tablet and Splendil ER tablet are bioequivalent.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 1998

일반적으로 Streptomyces류는 성장이 늦고 유지가 어려운 반면, E. coli는 배양기간이 짧고 유전자 조작도 간편한 장점이 있기 때문에, E. coli를 이용하여 유용단백질을 생산하는 연구가 일반적인 흐름이다. 그러나 E. coli에서 외래유전자를 도입하여 대량으로 생산을 시키는 경우에 비용해성의 inclusion body를 형성하는 경우가 많으므로 용해성의 활성형 단백질을 생산하기 위하여는 여러 가지 조건을 고려하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 aklavlnone 11-hydroxylase gene(dnrF)을 E. coli BL2l에서 발현시킬 때의 배양조건을 배양온도와 IPTG농도의 두가지 요소를 조합하여 변형시키는 방법으로, 활성형 단백질의 생산을 최대화하고 inclusion body의 형성을 최소화하는 배양조건을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 37$^{\circ}C$에서 배양했을 때에는 0.02mM의 IPTG를 첨가하였을 때 inclusion body를 가장 적게 만들고, 그에 따라 생산되는 효소활성도 가장 높았다. 반면, 28$^{\circ}C$로 배양온도를 낮추었을 때에는 0.06mM의 IPTG를 첨가하였을 때 aklavinone 11-hydroxylase효소가 최대로 생산됨을 SDS-PAGE 및 효소 활성측정으로 확인하였다. IPTG농도를 0.1 mM로 높인 경우에는 28$^{\circ}C$, 37$^{\circ}C$에서 모두 aklavinone 11-hydroxylase효소가 과발현되어 Inclusion body를 가장 많이 생성하였음을 알 수 있었다. 방선균에서 동일 유전자를 대량발현시키는 경우 발현된 단백질의 효소 활성은 있으나 SDS-PAGE상에서의 단백질의 관찰이 불가능하였고, 동시에 단백질의 정제시 효소활성이 소실되어 정제가 불가능하였다. 이러한 효소 활성의 소실의 원인은 세포내의 어떤 저분자물질일 것으로 추정되며 본 연구에서 제작한 antibody를 이용하면, 효소의 정제가 용이하게 수행될 것이다. 특히 대장균계에서의 활성형 효소의 최적발현조건에서 세포를 배양하거나, inclusion body의 refolding을 실시한 후, 항체를 이용한 Western blot assay를 지표로 효소를 정제하면, 미지의 cofactor의 정체도 밝혀지고 aklavinone 11-hydroxylase류의 효소 특성 연구에 큰 도움이 될 것이다. 또한 이 효소를 이용한 다양한 종류의 bioconversion을 실시하여 그동안 background 때문에 생성된 product의 검출이 불가능했었던 소량의 생성산물의 분석도 가능할 것으로 판단되어 금후의 bioconversion연구에 기대하는 바가 크다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.129-129
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• 2016

Graphene, as a single layer of $sp^2$-bonded carbon atoms packed into a 2D honeycomb crystal lattice, has attracted much attention due to its outstanding properties. In order to synthesize high quality graphene, transition metals, such as nickel and copper, have been widely employed as catalysts, which needs transfer to desired substrates for various applications. However, the transfer steps are not only complicated but also inevitably induce defects, impurities, wrinkles, and cracks of graphene. Furthermore, the direct synthesis of graphene on dielectric surfaces has still been a premature field for practical applications. Therefore, cost effective and concise methods for transfer-free graphene are essentially required for commercialization. Here, we report a facile transfer-free graphene synthesis method through nickel and carbon co-deposited layer. In order to fabricate 100 nm thick NiC layer on the top of $SiO_2/Si$ substrates, DC reactive magnetron sputtering was performed at a gas pressure of 2 mTorr with various Ar : $CH_4$ gas flow ratio and the 200 W DC input power was applied to a Ni target at room temperature. Then, the sample was annealed under 200 sccm Ar flow and pressure of 1 Torr at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 4 min employing a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) equipment. During the RTA process, the carbon atoms diffused through the NiC layer and deposited on both sides of the NiC layer to form graphene upon cooling. The remained NiC layer was removed by using a 0.5 M $FeCl_3$ aqueous solution, and graphene was then directly obtained on $SiO_2/Si$ without any transfer process. In order to confirm the quality of resulted graphene layer, Raman spectroscopy was implemented. Raman mapping revealed that the resulted graphene was at high quality with low degree of $sp^3$-type structural defects. Additionally, sheet resistance and transmittance of the produced graphene were analyzed by a four-point probe method and UV-vis spectroscopy, respectively. This facile non-transfer process would consequently facilitate the future graphene research and industrial applications.