• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.3 no.3 s.3
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• pp.24-30
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• 2005

If one can say that 'Retro' is a revived mode of the style, which was popular in the past, it is confirmed that various complex social and cultural factors have been reflected to making the current and new mode by accepting the past style. By investigating the impact of hippie style, which was popular during the Vietnam War on cosmetics and beauty culture, and the retro-tendency NEO-Hippie style fashion phenomenon appeared at around the time of the US and Iraq War, a theoretical foundation of cosmetics and beauty culture in the 2000s was established, and periodical circulation of fashion was tried to be understood. The 9.11 terrorists' attack and US-Iraq War devastated the heart of modern people, and for this, a retro trend having a meaning to revive the past style with nostalgia of the old things started to be handled with major interests in cosmetics and beauty culture. The retro-style, which is revived in the 2000s, is not the unchanging imitation mode in the '60s and '70s during the Vietnam War, but a newly transformed type of style.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.1
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• pp.71-111
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• 2003

The key lessons of the very complex modern war can be dangerously misleading to the outsiders. The efforts trying to draw lessons learned from the Iraq War (OIF : Operation Iraqi Freedom) may be biased by the view of point by Americans, because most of war episodes have been come from the Western media coverage. More serious bias can be committed thanks to the differences of warfighting doctrines and military technology between US forces and ROK forces. However, OIF-fought allied commanders and outside military experts said this campaign exemplified 21st-century warfare: swift, agile and decisive, employing overpowering technology to bring relentless violence to bear in many places at once. Even though the campaign evolved differently than anticipated, allied forces regrouped and regained the initiative remarkably quickly, thanks in large part to a new command flexibility, tied to new technology that made possible the more rapid sharing of data. These factors permitted "new air-land dynamic". The things that compel that are good sensors networked with good intelligence disseminated through a robust networking system, which then yields speed. Speed turns out to be a very important factor for conducting "Rapid Decisive Operations" relied on joint "Mass of Effects". ROK forces facing the heaviest ground threat in the world may learn more from Cold War era-typed US Army 3rd Infantry Division (3ID), which operating considerably beyond existing doctrine. 3ID flew its personnel into Kuwait to meet up with equipment already located in the region as pre-positioned stock. During OIF, the division conducted continuous offensive operations over 230km deep battlespace for 21 days. The lessons learned for ROK army to prepare tomorrow's war may be found from 3ID in its training, command and control, task organization, firepower and battlespace management, and logistics.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.33
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• pp.115-167
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate coverage patterns of the Korean internet news media on 'US-Iraq War' and its meaning and discourse structure. The internet news media was recently established and become a popular news media to compete with old news media in Korea. The author selected the 'Oh My News' as a representative internet news media for his analysis, and collected its news items from Mar. 20, 2003 to Dec. 17, 2003. on the basis of 4 different phases of the war. He analysed the whole of news items with various semiotic and discourse analytic methods, especially applying for Bell's concepts of time and discourse structure. As a result of this study, first of all, it was found that the 'Oh My News' tended to cover this war so different ways as the old news media did. It did not pay attention to the procedure of war, especially, battlefields, fighting between US and Iraq, damages and casualties. But, instead, it paid attention to many doubts about intention of US government and the President, Bush, dichotomous shift between pro-America and anti-America, rightness of dispatching Korean army into Iraq, etc. Secondly, it functioned as a kind of alternative media to speak up different voices comparing with those of old media. It tended to suggest different perspectives and opinions, while the old media tended to follow American perspectives and opinions. Thirdly, it became as a kind of new media setting agendas for this war in Korean society. It played a very important role for setting agendas for various issues related with this war. In conclusion, the internet news media has recently become a kind of new news media for suggesting alternative or different opinions, setting agendas, initiating discourses, etc., even though it still has may problems of becoming so called orthodox news media.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.7
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• pp.129-154
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• 2009

The principles of military operations(principles of war) are the fundamental principles ruling warfighting that made based on the experiences of wars from the time of ancient Greeks to the World War II. Recent wars such as Iraq War showed us the change of environment of war and the style of waging a war. It is believed that future war will be executed with the style of Rapid Deceive Operations, Effect Based Operations, Network Centric Operations. Therefor the principles of war which we use should be reconsidered whether it is useful or not in future warfare. By considering the present principles of operation which are using in many countries and analysing the style of waging future war, we suggest new principles of operations : principle of gravity, principle of mass and dispersal, principle of disturbance, principle of speed, principle of paralysis, principle of synchronization and integration, principle of leadership, and principle of information.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.7
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• pp.55-89
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• 2009

This article aims to critically review recent U. S. RMA-centered theories of warfare having prevailed after the 1991-92 Gulf War upon which the current ROKA military transformation project, the Vision 2020, largely based. In order to evaluate validity as a universal warfighing theory of NCW (Network Centric Warfare) and EBO (Effects-Based Operations), this article reviews the intrinsic strength and weakness of the theories as well as results of several recent wars that the U. S. Army conducted based on doctrines derived form such theories, In addition, this article examines the impact of certain military technology or weapon system in some well-known historical wars to draw lessons regarding the relationship between technology(weapon system) and military victory. Historical examples has shown that victories in war were not achieved by new technologies alone in most cases. Rather military victories tended to owe to combination of new technology, original doctrine and well conceived organization. Although the U. S. Armed Forces showed brilliant records of operational successes anchored on the system of PGMs and NCW concepts in Iraq (1991-92; 2003) and Afghanistan (2001-02), it must be pointed out that the operational successes did not bring about political ones in cases of Iraq and Afghanistan. It reminds us of perils of too technologically tilted approach to the conduct of war. In sum, one ought to recognize that superior technology nowadays became a necessary condition of success but is not yet a sufficient condition, the ROKA needs to be abreast with development trends of military technologies and related theoretical concepts, it need not too be in a hurry in adopting cutting edged war-making technologies at the expense of large amount of budget. The essay recommends for the ROKA several basic requirements for coping with conduct of future wars as well as establishing a 'Korean style military thought'; (1) Recognition of importance of technology in conduct of war; (2) Imposition of officer self-study hours in working days; (3) Establishing a lifestyle of military professionalism in the Korean officer corps; (4) Setting up small or large groups of think-tanks that are specialized in army doctrinal formulation.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.28
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• pp.153-179
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• 2011

Korea has been a victim of State supporting terrorism by North Korea even before international society realize the terrorism threats because of 9.11 in US. However, state supporting terrorism against South Korea by North Korea went along with East/West Cold War System by US and the Soviet Union. It is because socialism that Kim Il-sung who established a separate government in North Korea with the political, economic, social and military support of the Soviet Union selected as his political ideology justifies terrorism as the tool to complete the proletariat revolution. North Korea's state supporting terrorism is being operated systematically and efficiently by military of North Korea. It gives big worries to international society not only by performing terrorism against Korea but also by dispatching terrorists and exporting terrorism strategies to the third world countries. In this situation, terrorism against Korea has met a new transition point at 9${\cdot}$11 in US. As South Korea is confronting North Korea and the war has not ended but suspended, the alliance between US and Korea is more important than anything else. Because of this Korea decided to support the anti-terrorism wars against Afghanistan and Iraq of US and other western countries and send military force there. The preface of the anti-terrorism war has begun as such. On October 7, 2001, US and UK started to attack Afghanistan and Taleban government in Afghanistan was dethroned on December 7, 2001. US and western countries started a war against Iraq on March 20, 2003. On April 9, 2003 Baghdad, the capital of Iraq fell, and Saddam Hussein al-Majid al-Awja government was expelled. During the process, the terrorism threat against South Korea has expanded to Arab terrorists and terrorism organizations as well as North Korea. Consequently, although Korean government, scholars and working level public servants made discussions and tried to seek countermeasures, the damages are extending. Accordingly, terrorism against Korean companies in overseas after 9${\cdot}$11 were analyzed focusing on Nation, Region, Victimology, and Weapons used for the attacks. Especially, the trend of terrorism against the Korean companies in overseas was discussed by classifying them chronologically such as initiation and termination of anti-terrorism wars against Afghanistan and Iraq, and from the execution of Iraqi President, Saddam Hussein al-Majid al-Awja to December 2010. Through this, possible terrorism incidents after the execution of Osama bin Laden, the leader of Al-Qaeda, on May 2, 2011 were projected and proposals were made for the countermeasures.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.215-233
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• 2016

In 2003, the differing stances about the war in Iraq created a major diplomatic crisis among European countries. Considering various clues which have steadily emerged, this paper refutes the relevance of the debate about weapons of mass destruction and analyses the real motivations for these distinct positions through Europe: the role of the US in the transatlantic relationship, expectations towards the EU and the weight of public opinion. Then, it examines how these intrinsic divergences of political views and interests explain the difficulties encountered in implementing the European Security and Defence Policy and concludes on the keys issues which need to be addressed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Assurance Society Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.219-225
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• 2004

There is increasing tension in the Korean Peninsula from the US' putting the NK's nuclear issue along the line of war in Iraq. However, there is worsening in ROK's field exercise condition from decresing defense financial supports, being difficlut to obtain enough space for volumable exercises, and securities and circumstances issues. With acknowleging those problems, CPX(Command Post Exercise), namely war game exercise which is more economical and scientific exercise has earned its attention as the best alternative measure of field exercise war game exercise has already been applyied to independent, joint, and combined exercises. However, the current war game system contains lots of problems in terms of security. Defense network uses dedicated line isolated with internet and secure data through network level encoding. It is vulerable to get attack during war game exercise or from credited network. System security is also subject to reinforced. This research is performed focusing on network and system level securities, and through it, the author will show the effective and optimized security solution for war game system.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.57-66
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• 2013

Predicting pattern of future combat ensures a successful war. It is possible to anticipate the shape of the future combat from the fighting method of US Army in the Iraq War. The fighting method: a series of combat progress by real time information to pinpoint strike using a guided weapon by GPS, an intelligence satellite and unmanned surveillance vehicle (USV), shows that real time unification combat power is key element for decide outcome of a war. The NCW is an organically connected network centric warfare paradigm by networking a factor of operation. In this paper, studied on the improvement plan for combat power by the future computer like a portable computer, an audio-recognized computer and non-keyboard computer. In addition, this paper attempts to establish a comprehensive intelligence network of Korea Marine Corps and to apply to combat or training.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 2009

South Korea opened Incheon international airport(IIA) in march 29, 2001, with high expectations of becoming the distribution hub of Northeast Asia and aiming at a world best air hub. IIA compares quite well with any other leading airports in the world in it's facilities for the movement of people and vehicles. However, with the sequence of events following the September, 2001. terrorist attack and the war in Iraq, South Korea, an ally of the US, cannot be considered a safe haven from terrorism. At a point in time when national security is given utmost importance, it is necessary to reevaluate the security of airports, because international terrorism can only occur via air and seaports. Nowadays all the countries of the world have entered into competition for their national interests and innovation of their images. with the increasing role of international airports also comes an increased likelihood as a terrorist target, because it can affect so many people and countries. From the condition of current international terrorism, we can realize that our IIA is not completely safe from a terrorist attack. The major part of counterterrorism is event control process. It's very important for quickly saves an accident and rescues a life of person, In addition for the normalization which the airport operation is prompt. In conclusion, we should secure the legal responsibility and establish and establish a system under which we can work actively in order to implement counter terror activities from being taken an airport.