• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.67-84
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• 2015

Although the bottom-up rural area development project was conceived with great expectations, the general evaluation of the project so far reveals that it does not significantly differ from projects carried out in a top-down manner. This paper examines the nature of the bottom-up rural area development project with a focus on its background, including the roles of authority and project participants. Results revealed that the project was designed to be implemented in line with the state affairs ideology of the leader in a negative position of bureaucratic society. Though the form of implementation for the project seemed bottom-up as seen in the process of the roles and authorities in supporting organizations the top-down method of implementation can be seen in the authorities and roles of the central government. It was also noticed that the private sector, designed to elicit participation of various experts, looked to be managed and controlled by public organizations. The abovementioned signifies that the Korea rural area development project has been implemented not in a bottom-up manner but rather in an ever-strong top-down manner, which means that the central government holds more responsibility for the project's results, evaluation, and discussions. Furthermore, as seen in the background of the project, policies have been implemented in a top-down manner without the confidence of the bureaucratic society. Therefore, in order to implement a proper bottom-up rural area development project, there is a need for the bureaucratic society to have confidence in the rural societies.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.19-23
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• 2011

The current streetlight system have been tried various attempts. but during maintenance, it has caused the traffic congestion and many risk factors. In addition, maintenance costs are very expensive to manage and the local government have to establish countermeasures about the present condition. If neglected, it may cause a variety of social problems. so, there should be a measure to prevent problems. This rotational and up-and-down type streetlight can be a solution to these factors and it has been highlighted indirectly in terms of green growth because we have to take advantage of the value.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.161-165
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• 2001

End milling is one of the most widely used machining operations. It is associated with productivity and production quality progress. In metal cutting with up and down milling, moment is important factor to diagnose the cutting characteristics because the amount of tool wear directly influences the moment. In this study, the effects of number of milling cutting edges on the cutting performance, especially on the moment, are investigated. The results acquired through the cutting test measuring moment show that up milling is superior to down milling.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.23 no.4 s.43
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• pp.485-492
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• 1993

Multiloop Edgewise Archwire(MEAW) is effective in relief the Curve of Spee in mandibular arch but up Sl down orthodontic elastics must be used with it. The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of orthodontic elastics, like as up & down elastics, Class II elastics, and Class III elastics, and the effect of L loop in Multioop Edgewise Archwire. 1. Intrusive force of MEAW in anterior teeth was reduced and uprighting force in premolars was increased by up & down elastics. 2. Uprighting force was significintly increased with Class III elastics in multiple L loop arch wire. 3. The force of Class II elastics made molars tip mesially and Curve of Spee deep.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.472-473
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• 2008

This paper presents a charge pump used in frequency synthesizer for PHS application. The up/down current mismatch of charge pump has a critical effect on the phase noise and spur performance in frequency synthesizer. Therefore, the mismatch compensation scheme is proposed in this paper. And, the measurement results show that the mismatch can be reduced below 5 %.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 2008

This paper proposes a new on-chip voltage down converter(VDC), which employs a new reference voltage generator(RVG). The converter adopts a temperature-independence reference voltage generator, and a voltage-up converter. The architecture of the proposed VDC has a high-precision, and it was verified based on a 0.25${\mu}m$ 1P5M standard CMOS technology. For 2.5V to 1.0V conversion, the RVG circuit has a good characteristics such as temperature dependency of only 0.2mV/$^{\circ}C$, and the voltage-up circuit has a good voltage deviation within ${\pm}$0.12% for ${\pm}$5% variation of supply voltage VDD. The output voltage is stabilized with ${\pm}$1mV for load current varying from 0 to 100mA.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.93-95
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• 2007

Studies on ski-end shape control at the top end of rolling plate in heavy thick plate mill by using FEM analysis and measuring system have been performed. Plate shape behaviour at the top-end on rolling by the two different methods in finishing rolling process has been observed. One is to minimize the height of ski-end by using pass line based on the relational model between shape factor and pick-up and the other one is to prevent turn down problem caused by the impact between table roller and down bended plate on rolling by using roll speed difference. To minimize the height of ski-end, the prediction models based on the FEM analysis and measuring data was developed. The control method of ski - end shape on finishing rolling process was applied in actual mill and the height of ski-end was reduced by about 50% compared with conventional operation.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2003

An autonomous stair robot recognizing the stair, and climbing up and down the stair by utilizing a robot vision, photo sensors, and appropriate climbing algorithm is introduced. Four arms associated with four wheels make the robot climb up and down more safely and faster than a simple track typed robot. The robot can adjust wheel base according to the stair width, hence it can adopt to a variable width stair with different algorithms in climbing up and down. The command and image data acquired from the robot are transferred to the main computer through RF wireless modules, and the data are delivered to a remote computer via a network communication through a proper data compression, thus, the real time image monitoring is implemented effectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.2890-2894
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• 2009

The larch-fruit-like acetylferrocene micro-nanomaterials and beltlike acetylferrocene micro-nanomaterials have been cross-correspondingly prepared in bidirection by the top-down and bottom-up approach, respectively, and characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer. UV-Vis absorption spectra show that the redshift was found in the acetylferrocene micro-nanomaterials compared to that in solution. The formation mechanism of the acetylferrocene micro-nanomaterials is also proposed. This work provides a new strategy for the material synthesis and preparation and may realize the reuse of organometallic materials.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.33B no.9
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• pp.117-123
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• 1996

In this paper, we present a new learning method for the fuzzy ARTMAP which is effective for the noisy input patterns. Conventional fuzzy ARTMAP employs only fuzzy AND operation between input vector and weight vector in learning both top-down and bottom-up weight vectors. This fuzzy AND operation causes excessive update of the weight vector in the noisy input environment. As a result, the number of spurious categories are increased and the recognition ratio is reduced. To solve these problems, we propose a new method in updating the weight vectors: the top-down weight vectors of the fuzzy ART system are updated using weighted average of the input vector and the weight vector itself, and the bottom-up weight vectors are updated using fuzzy AND operation between the updated top-down weitht vector and bottom-up weight vector itself. The weighted average prevents the excessive update of the weight vectors and the fuzzy AND operation renders the learning fast and stble. Simulation results show that the proposed method reduces the generation of spurious categories and increases the recognition ratio in the noisy input environment.