• 보건의료산업학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.89-99
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• 2018

Objectives : To compare the degree of achievement of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) among 39 developing countries in Africa and to investigate the correlation between health care financing and the UHC index. Methods : For data, 14 UHC indexes were used in 2015 supplied by the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, this study used a 10% of threshold point corresponding to the catastrophic health expenditures and a 25% of threshold points as a health care financing index. Results : It was found that there were significant difference among Least Low Developed Countries (LLDCs), Other Low Income Countries (Other LICs), Lower Middle Income Countiies (LMICs), Upper Middle Income Countires (UMICs) to compare the average value by nation on the UHC index. This study showed that the UHC index of LLDCs was lowest, but the average value was higher as it moved towards LMICs and UMICs. In addition, it was found that there was an average value difference among the groups like LLDCs, Other LICs, LMICs and UMICs. As a result of comparison, it was found that the spending of household health expenditure increased as LLDCs moved towards UMICs when the burden of household health expenditure was 25%. Conclusions : This study aimed to compare the UHC indexes of African nations and to investigate the correlation between the degree of spending of total expenditure on health and burden of household health expenditure and UHC, and its effect.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2022

Objectives: No systematic review has explored the challenges related to worldwide universal health coverage (UHC). This study reviewed challenges on the road to UHC. Methods: A systematic electronic search of all studies that identified the challenges of worldwide UHC was conducted, without any restrictions related to the publication date or language. A hand search and a bibliographic search were also conducted to identify which texts to include in this study. These sources and citations yielded a total of 2500 articles, only 26 of which met the inclusion criteria. Relevant data from these papers were extracted, summarized, grouped, and reported in tables. Results: Of the 26 included studies, 7 (27%) were reviews, 6 (23%) were reports, and 13 (50%) had another type of study design. The publication dates of the included studies ranged from 2011 to 2020. Nine studies (35%) were published in 2019. Using the World Health Organization conceptual model, data on all of the challenges related to UHC in terms of the 4 functions of health systems (stewardship, creating resource, financing, and delivering services) were extracted from the included studies and reported. Conclusions: This study provides a straightforward summary of previous studies that explored the challenges related to UHC and conducted an in-depth analysis of viable solutions.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

The Japan National Committee for the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and UICC-Asia Regional Office (ARO) organized a Roundtable Discussion as part of the official program of the UICC World Cancer Congress 2014 in Melbourne, Australia. The theme for the Roundtable Discussion was "Looking Toward the Realization of Universal Health Care 'UHC' for Cancer in Asia" and it was held on December 5, 2014. The meeting was held based on the recognition that although each country may take a different path towards the realization of UHC, one point that is common to all is that cancer is projected to be the most difficult disease to address under the goals of UHC and that there is, therefore, an urgent and pressing need to come to a common understanding and awareness with regard to UHC concepts that are a priority component of a post-MDG development agenda. The presenters and participants addressed the issue of UHC for cancer in Asia from their various perspectives in academia and international organizations. Discussions covered the challenges to UHC in Asia, collaborative approaches by international organizations, the need for uniform and relevant data, ways to create an Asia Cancer Barometer that could be applied to all countries in Asia. The session concluded with the recognition that research on UHC in Asia should continue to be used as a tool for cancer cooperation in Asia and that the achievement of UHC would require research and input not only from the medical community, but from a broad sector of society in a multidisciplinary approach. Discussions on this issue will continue towards the Asia-Pacific Cancer Conference in Indonesia in August 2015.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.320-326
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• 2018

As the United Nations announced Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, the world changed its development goals from focusing on efficiency to equity. As a result, in the health sector, universal health coverage (UHC) has become one of the main issues. This paper reviews and discusses on future direction and issue of official development assistance program for developing countries. Korea International Cooperation Agency under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs published on Korea International Cooperation Agency's mid-term health strategy 2016-2020 developed on participation program with stakeholder including governments, civil society partner organizations, and educational institutions. The SDGs expands non-communicable diseases, UHC, and global health security from the existing Millenium Development Goals health sector. Progress toward UHC underpins the achievement of all other targets under SDG Goal 3. Progress in reducing health inequality across the life course is drawing on overall data and from specific target. In order to achieve SDG 3, a multi-disciplinary approach, convergence between IT and u-health of this development, is desirable.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2004

A cylindrical constant volume combustion bomb is used to investigate the combustion characteristics and to analyze the heat quantity of homogeneous charge methane-air mixture under various initial pressures, excess air ratios and ignition times. As the overall pressure increase, the values of maximum combustion pressure, maximum heat release rate and cumulative heat release have been increased. But it is not very meaningful to compare with some values such as maximum combustion pressure, maximum heat release rate and cumulative heat release for different overall pressure due to the different heat energy of supplied fuel. So the each value is needed to be compared with normalized value, which is divided by the entered fuel energy. To analyze the heat quantity, some definitions including the CHR ratio, the UHC ratio and the HL ratio are needed and are calculated. As the overall pressure increase, the CHR ratios and the UHC ratios have been decreased, while the HL ratios have been increased. The CHR ratio of 300 ms has the higher value than that of 10000ms, and the HL ratios of 300 ms have a lower value.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2004

A cylindrical constant volume combustion chamber was used to investigate the exhaust emission characteristics of homogeneous charge, stratified pattern and inhomogeneous charge under various conditions using gas chromatography. In the case of homogeneous charge condition, the $CO_2$ concentration is proportional to excess air ratio and overall charge pressure, the $CO_2$ concentration is proportional to excess air ratio and the UHC concentration is inversely proportional to ignition time and overall charge pressure. In the case of stratified pattern, the RI(rich injection) condition shows better exhaust emission characteristics, especially $CO_2$, than that of HI (homogeneous injection) or LI (lean injection) conditions. In inhomogeneous charge conditions, when initial charge pressure is increased, $CO_2$ and UHC concentration is reduced but $O_2$ concentration is increased. And when the excess air ratio of initial charge mixture is 3.0, UHC and $CO_2$concentration show lowest values.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1563-1571
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• 2003

This paper is the second part of several companion papers which compare the method of Air-fuel ratio(AFR) determination. In the previous paper, Eltinge chart was applied to the arbitrary fuel composition and the charts for gasoline, diesel, methanol, M85, liquefied petroleum gas(LPG), natural gas(NG), propane and butane were illustrated. In Eltinge chart, however, unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) is not used for determination of AFR. For improving accuracy, Eltinge suggested UHC compensation after the AFR reading in the chart. This compensation reduced the difference between real and reading value. In the compensation, however, the correction of oxygen and carbon dioxide is uncertain and there might be a mistake in conversion of UHC reading value. Therefore, the error is overestimated comparing with Spindt one which is most widely used. In addition, there is no comparison of the value with other useful methods. In this paper, the compensation of unburned HC was performed in Eltinge chart and the compensated value was compared with Spindts formula over wide range of AFR. The objects of investigating fuel are gasoline, methanol, NG and LPG. The result shows that Eltinge and Spindt method is flawlessly compatible and the difference between the two methods is under 0.3% in a λrange from 0.9 to 1.7. The method fur debugging instrumentation error is also presented.

• 동남아시아연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.173-218
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• 2018

본 연구는 지속가능개발목표(Sustainable Development Goals) 하에 보편적 건강보장(Universal Health Coverage) 달성을 목표로 전 국민의 건강보험 가입을 추진하고 있는 베트남의 보건의료 부문에 주목하여 보건의료 체계와 건강보험법의 개혁 과정에서 나타난 특징을 역사 문화적 맥락을 통해 파악해보고 개발의 관점에서 그 함의를 살펴보고자 한다. UHC의 세 가지 차원, 즉 인구 집단에 대한 보장성 확대, 다양한 의료서비스 제공, 그리고 재정적 보호를 기준으로 베트남 보건의료 부문의 현황을 요약하면 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 2015년 발효된 개정 건강보험법에서 가구 단위의 의무 가입과 그에 따른 건강보험료 정산 방식이 새로운 제도로 시행되고 있다는 점이다. 둘째, 1차 의료시설, 즉 사($X{\tilde{a}}$, Commune)급 단위의 보건소를 중심으로 예방 및 건강관리 서비스를 제공할 수 있는 의료 네트워크가 구축되어 있다는 점이다. 셋째, 의료보험법 및 다양한 제도 시행 이후 공공 지출이 증가하고 민간 지출이 감소하고 있지만 여전히 본인부담 의료비 지출(Out-of-Pocket Expenditure)이 많은 비중을 차지하고 있다는 점이다. 베트남의 사회건강보험 개혁은 현재 과도기이다. 따라서 베트남은 보건의료 체계와 건강보험 제도를 어떻게 구축해 나갈 것인가에 대한 문제가 더욱 중요할 수밖에 없는 시기적 상황에 당면해 있다. 제도와 체계에 대한 개발은 효율성보다는 그것을 고스란히 감당해내야 하는 주체, 즉 해당 사회의 구성원들에게 적절하고 정당한 방식으로 설계되어야 한다. 본 연구는 제도와 문화, 즉 제도를 공유하는 사회적 가치, 가족 문화 그리고 비공식적인 제도 등과의 상호작용 등으로부터 그 함의를 이끌어내고자 하였다.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제29권
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• pp.105-131
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• 1996

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.24-31
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• 2004

A cylindrical constant volume combustion bomb is used to investigate the combustion characteristics and to analyzer the heat quantity of inhomogeneous charge methane-air mixture. To analyze the heat quantity, some definitions including the CHR ratio, the UHC ratio and the HL ratio are needed and are calculated. It is shown that the effect of stratification is not significant in case of the overall excess air ratio of 1.1, mainly due to the higher heat loss and lower thermal efficiency compared to those of homogeneous condition. In the case of the overall excess air ratio of 1.4, as the initial charge pressure decreases, the CHR ratio has been decreased while the HL ratio has been increased, Generally, as the initial charge pressure increases, the amount of injection mixture has been decreased and has resulted in lower mean velocity and turbulence intensity for injection mixture. Also, the injected mixture is too rich to result in mixing deficiency in combustion chamber. From these results, it could be possible to acquire the improvement of thermal efficiency and the reduction of heat loss simultaneously through the 2-stage injection in CNG direct injection engine.