• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.117-117
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• 2005

Objectives : This experimental study was designed to investigate the effect of SBY-III extract on the weight, cell size of epididymal fat-pad, fat accumulation area in liver, serum lipid level and UCP1 mRNA in brown adipose tissue of high fat diet-fed obese rats continued by high fat diet and regulated by normal Diet. Methods : The body weight gain, weight of the internal organs(epididymis, liver, brown adipose tissue), insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, total lopod, free fatty acid, expression of UCP1 mRNA were measured in high fat diet-fed obese rats continued by high fat diet and regulated by normal diet. The experimental study are divided into exp-I and exp-II. Each study was administered normal diet, high fat diet and SBY-III according to each situation. Normal group is normal diet for 8 weeks. Exp-I are divided into control group(high fat diet for 8 weeks) and sample group(high fat diet for 8 weeks and SBY-III for last 2 weeks). Exp-II are divided into control group(high fat diet for 6 weeks and normal diet for 2 weeks) and sample group(high fat diet for 6 weeks and normal diet with SBY-III for 2 weeks). These were then compared mutually. Results : 1. Irrespective of diet control, sample group taken SBY-III showed the more effective decrease of weight gain than control group and diet control-fed sample group with SBY-III showed the more effective decrease of weight loss including weight gain than control group. 2. Irrespective of diet control, sample group taken SBY-III showed the more effective decrease cell size of epididymal fat-pad, fat accumulation area in liver than control group. 3. Non diet control-fed sample group taken SBY-III showed the more effective decrease of serum triglyceride, total lipid, free fatty acid than control group and diet control-fed sample group taken SBY-III showed the decrease of serum triglyceride, free fatty acid than control group. 4. Only diet control-fed sample group taken SBY-III showed the decrease of UCP1 volume. Conclusions : These results shows that SBY-III has effects on anti-obesity, especially keeping pace with diet control.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.645-650
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• 2019

Brown adipocytes have an important role in the regulation of energy balance through uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1)-mediated nonshivering thermogenesis. Although brown adipocytes have been highlighted as a new therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type II diabetes in adult humans, the molecular mechanism underlying brown adipogenesis is not fully understood. We recently found that protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type B (PTPRB) expression dramatically decreased during brown adipogenic differentiation. In this study, we investigated the functional roles of PTPRB and its regulatory mechanism during brown adipocyte differentiation. Ectopic expression of PTPRB led to a reduced brown adipocyte differentiation by suppressing the tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGFR2, whereas a catalytic inactive PTPRB mutant showed no effects on differentiation and phosphorylation. Consistently, the expression of brown adipocyte-related genes, such as UCP-1, $PGC-1{\alpha}$, PRDM16, $PPAR-{\gamma}$, and CIDEA, were significantly inhibited by PTPRB overexpression. Overall, these results suggest that PTPRB functions as a negative regulator of brown adipocyte differentiation through its phosphatase activity-dependent mechanism and may be used as a target protein for the regulation of obesity and type II diabetes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.462-475
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• 2022

본 연구는 팔미트산으로 인슐린 저항성을 유도한 C2C12 근육세포주에서 ADLE의 인슐린 저항성개선효과를조사하고이에대한조절기전을확인하고자하였다. C2C12 근육세포주에 ADLE를 처리 시, AMPK의 활성화를 통해 포도당흡수 (glucose uptake)가 증가되었으며, 이는 미토콘드리아-매개 에너지 생합성 조절단백질인 PGC1α, UCP3, CS 활성을 증가시킴과 동시에 지방산 합성인자인 ACC, FAS, SREBP-1의 발현을 억제함을 알 수 있었다. 세포주에서 확인된 결과들을 고지방식이 유도 당뇨마우스의 근육조직에서 조사한 결과, 고지방식이와 ADLE를 동시에 처리한 그룹에서 AMPK 활성화, GLUT4 발현증가와 미토콘드리아 에너지 대사증가, 지방산 합성 감소효과를 보였다. 이상의 결과들로, ADLE가 근육 내 에너지 대사 관련 경로의 상위유전자인 AMPK를 활성화하여 GLUT4의 세포막 이동을 증진시켜 당대사 조절에 관여하는 것을 관찰하였으며, AMPK의 인산화 증가는 PGC1α의 활성화에 관여하고, 이를 통해 열 발산 대사와 관련된 UCP3의 증가 및 CS 활성을 증가시키고, 지방산 합성 관련 유전자 발현을 억제시킴을 알 수 있었다. 본 결과로부터 ADLE는 대사증후군에서 공통적으로 나타나는 인슐린 저항성을 개선시킬 수 있으며, 이는 근육세포에서의 AMPK의 활성화를 통한 에너지생성기전과 관련이 있음을 알 수 있었다. ADLE는 비만, 당뇨 등의 다양한 부작용을 가진 약제와는 다른 안전성을 보장할 수 있는 이점을 가지고 있어 인슐린 저항성 및 제2형 당뇨병 치료를 위한 기능성 식품 소재로의 활용 가능성도 충분히 가지고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.1010-1020
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• 2022

Objective: The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy on the expressions of genes involved in growth and development in ovine fetal perirenal brown adipose tissue (BAT). Methods: Eighteen ewes with singleton fetuses were allocated to three groups at day 90 of pregnancy: restricted group 1 (RG1, 0.33 MJ metabolisable energy [ME]/kg body weight [BW]^0.75/d, n = 6), restricted group 2 (RG2, 0.18 MJ ME/kg BW^0.75/d, n = 6), and a control group (CG, ad libitum, 0.67 MJ ME/kg BW^0.75/d, n = 6). The fetuses were removed at day 140 of pregnancy. All data were analyzed by using the analysis of variance procedure. Results: The perirenal fat weight (p = 0.0077) and perirenal fat growth rate (p = 0.0074) were reduced in RG2 compared to CG. In fetal perirenal BAT, the protein level of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) (p = 0.0001) was lower in RG1 and RG2 compared with CG and UCP1 mRNA expression (p = 0.0265) was decreased in RG2. The protein level of myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) was also decreased in RG2 (p = 0.0001). In addition, mRNA expressions of CyclinA (p = 0.0109), CyclinB (p = 0.0019), CyclinD (p = 0.0015), cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) (p = 0.0001), E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) (p = 0.0323), E2F4 (p = 0.0101), and E2F5 (p = 0.0018) were lower in RG1 and RG2. There were decreased protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) (p = 0.0043) and mRNA expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBPα) (p = 0.0307) in RG2 and decreased PPARγ mRNA expression (p = 0.0008) and C/EBPα protein expression (p = 0.0015) in both RG2 and RG1. Furthermore, mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) (p = 0.0083) and BMP7 (p = 0.0330) decreased in RG2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) reduced in RG2 and RG1. Conclusion: Our observations support that repression of regulatory factors promoting differentiation and development results in the inhibition of BAT maturation in fetal perirenal fat during late pregnancy with maternal undernutrition.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the GGEx18 ethyl acetate fraction (EF) on lipid accumulation and gene expression of fatty acid-oxidizing enzymes using 3T3-L1 adipocytes, C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, and NMu2Li liver cells. Methods : PPAR${\alpha}$, AMPK and UCPs transactivation was examined in NMu2Li hepatocytes, C2C12 myocytes, and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes using transient transfection assays. Results : 1. Compared with control, EF significantly increased the mRNA expression of VLCAD in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 2. Compared with control, EF (0.1 ${\mu}g/ml$) significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3. EF significantly increased the mRNA expression of AMPK${\alpha}$1, AMPK${\alpha}$2 and PPAR${\alpha}$ in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells compared with control. 4. EF significantly increased the mRNA expression of genes involved in fatty acid ${\beta}$-oxidation, such as thiolase, MCAD, and CPT-1 in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells compared with control. 5. EF significantly increased the mRNA expression of UCP2 involved in energy expenditure in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells compared with control. 6. Compared with control, EF (10 ${\mu}g/ml$) significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. 7. EF (10 ${\mu}g/ml$) significantly increased the mRNA expression of ACOX, HD, VLCAD and MCAD in NMu2Li liver cells compared with control. Conclusions : These results suggest that EF may prevent obesity by increasing the mRNA expression of mitochondrial fatty acid ${\beta}$-oxidizing enzymes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, by not only regulating the fatty acid oxidation through activation of AMPK and PPAR${\alpha}$, but also increasing the UCP2 mRNA expression in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, and by stimulating the mRNA expression of fatty acid-oxidizing enzymes in NMu2Li liver cells.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.31-48
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• 2011

Objectives : In order to investigate the anti-obesity effects of Wolbi-tang(here in after referred to WBT) on the obese gene and obese inhibitory, C57BL/6 mice were induced by high-fat diet. Methods : C57BL/6 mice were divided into 5 groups(normal, only high-fat diet, high-fat diet with Reductil, high-fat diet with WBT 400, 200 mg/kg extract) and fed for 5 weeks. And observed body weight change, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-cholesterol), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), triglyceride, glucose, leptin change, alanine transaminase(ALT), aspartate transaminase(AST), serum creatinine, the expression of ${\beta}3$-adrenergic receptor(${\beta}3AR$), leptin, uncoupling protein(UCP2) gene in 3T3-L1 adipocyte, 3T3-L1 adipocyte proliferation, histological analysis of adipose tissue and liver tissue. Results : 1. Refer to cell cytotoxicity, viability of human fibroblast cells(hFCs) showed not significant changes. 2. The amount of ALT, AST was decreased significantly in WBT 400 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg groups. The amount of creatinine showed not significant changes. 3. Body weight was decreased significantly in WBT 400 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg groups. 4. The amount of total cholesterol and triglyceride was decreased significantly in WBT 400 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg groups. LDL-cholesterol was decreased and HDL-cholesterol was increased significantly in WBT 400 mg/kg groups. 5. The amount of glucose was decreased significantly in WBT 400 mg/kg groups. 6. The amount of serum leptin was decreased significantly in WBT 400 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg groups. 7. The revelation of ${\beta}3AR$ in 3T3-L1 adipocyte was increased significantly in WBT $100{\mu}g/ml$, $50{\mu}g/ml$ groups. The revelation of leptin was decreased significantly in WBT $100{\mu}g/ml$, $50{\mu}g/ml$ groups. The revelation of UCP2 was decreased significantly in WBT $100{\mu}g/ml$ group. 8. 3T3-L1 adipocyte proliferation was decreased significantly in WBT $100{\mu}g/ml$, $50{\mu}g/ml$ groups. The size of adipocyte was decreased relative to the control group in WBT 400 mg/kg group. 9. The adipose vacuoles in liver tissue was decreased relative to the control group. Conclusions : These results suggested that WBT has inhibitory effects of obesity. WBT might be applicated on treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Further studies analysing its effects were needed.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.19-36
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• 2022

Objectives This study is to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Imyo-san (IMS) on the obese mice model induced by high-fat diet. Methods Antioxidative capacity was measured by in vitro method. C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n=7). Normal group was fed general diet (Normal). The other 4 groups were fed high fat diet (HFD) with water (Control), with Garcinia gummi-gutta (GG, Garcinia gummi-gutta 200 mg/kg), with low-dose IMS (IMSL, Imyo-san 0.54 g/kg) and with high-dose IMS (IMSH, Imyo-san 1.08 g/kg). Results IMS showed high radical scavenging activity. After 6 week experiment, body weight, food intake, food efficiency ratio (FER), epididymal fat and liver weight, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), SREBP-2, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), phospho-liver kinase B1 (p-LKB1), phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 𝛼 (PPAR𝛼), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 𝛾 coactivator-1𝛼 (PGC-1𝛼), uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT-1A), and histology of liver and epididymal fat were measured and analysed. Body weight gain, FER, liver and epididymal fat weight of IMS groups were significantly decreased. There were significant improvements in blood lipids with less TG, TC, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and more HDL-cholesterol. Proteins associated with lipid synthesis (SREBP-1, p-ACC, FAS, SCD-1) and cholesterol (SREBP-2, HMGCR) was improved. Factors regulating lipid synthesis and lipid catabolism (p-LKBI, p-AMPK, PPARα, PGC-1α, UCP-2, CPT-1A) were increased. In histological examinations, IMS group had smaller fat droplets than control group. All results increased depending on concentration. Conclusions It can be suggested that IMS has anti-obesity effects with improving lipid metabolism.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.137-150
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• 2010

A meso-urban meteorological model (Urbanized MM5; uMM5) with urban canopy parameterization (UCP) was applied to the high-resolution simulation of meteorological fields in a complex coastal urban area and the assessment of urban impacts. Multi-scale simulations with the uMM5 in the innermost domain (1-km resolution) covering the Busan metropolitan region were performed during a typical sea breeze episode (4~8 August 2006) with detailed fine-resolution inputs (urban morphology, land-use/land-cover sub-grid distribution, and high-quality digital elevation model data sets). An additional simulation using the standard MM5 was also conducted to identify the effects of urban surface properties under urban meteorological conditions. Results showed that the uMM5 reproduced well the urban thermal and dynamic environment and captured well the observed feature of sea breeze. When comparison with simulations of the standard MM5, it was found that the uMM5 better reproduced urban impacts on temperature (especially at nighttime) and urban wind flows: roughness-induced deceleration and UHI (Urban Heat Island)-induced convergence.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.154-173
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• 2017

Objectives This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Yeoldahanso-tang on obesity in rats induced by high fat diet experimentally. Methods The experiment was conducted with rats divided into 5 groups. Rats were evaluated for change of weight, hematologic and serum biochemical parameters. Results Yeoldahanso-tang group showed significant reductions in FER, body weight, adipose tissue weight and size. The level of Creatinine, glucose, ALP, T-cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, Leptin and IGF-1 of Yeoldahanso-tang group was significantly lower than those in HFD-CTL group. The level of HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acid and Adiponectin in Yeoldahanso-tang group was significantly higher than those in HFD-CTL group. As compared with HFD-CTL group, AMPK-${\alpha}1$, UCP2 and adiponectin mRNA in liver of Yeoldahanso-tang group were significantly increased and AP2/FABP4, AMPK-${\alpha}2$ and PPAR-${\gamma}$ mRNA in liver of Yeoldahanso-tang group was significantly decreased. Conclusion These results suggest that Yeoldahanso-tang has inhibitory effects on obesity in high fat diet induced obese mice.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.506-512
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• 2016

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is used in traditional herbal medicine in many Asian countries for the treatment of several diseases such as diabetes, eczema, night blindness, psoriasis, and rheumatism. Especially, most reports concerning the biological activities of bitter melon have focused on its effects on diabetes and hyperglycemia. Also, bitter melon is regarded as a longevity food, suggesting that it has several beneficial effects on anti-aging and the maintenance of a healthy state. Thus, we investigated whether bitter melon could increase the capacity of exercise in this study. Interestingly, bitter melon fruit extract activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is important for regulating glucose homeostasis, mitochondrial content and exercise capacity. In addition, bitter melon extract increased the expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation such as mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1b (CPT1b), and pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 4 (PDK4). Moreover, exercise tolerance was much more enhanced in bitter melon treated animals compared to the non-treated control group. These results suggest that bitter melon is a promising candidate for the development of functional foods beneficial for physical strength and the enhancement of exercise capacity.