• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.93-125
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• 2011

The International Civil Aviation Convention (Chicago Convention) has been a backbone of international air transport system whereby air transport between States should be based on bilateral agreements, and in particular, international airfares, which are set up through IATA(International Air Transport Association) rate-fixing machinery could be approved by the governments concerned. International airfares are fares for transporting passenger and freight and their conditions between two or more countries. However, since U.S. pursued th deregulation policy in 1978 whereby routes, capacity and fares could be freely determined by airlines, many States have been following so called open-skies agreements. In many cases, aeronautical and competent authorities have been reviewing whether airlines' commercial activities including air fares could possibly conflict with free competition rules envisaged in relevant laws and regulations. As competition among airlines gets intense, airlines often resort to cooperation with other airlines in the forms such as equity exchange, M&A, code-sharing, fares consultation and resource pooling, mainly with a view to effectively use resources available and to avoid monopoly situation resulting from excessive and destructive competition among players. Whereas bearing in mind that application of competition laws is important to secure consumers' interests by preventing airlines's malpractices such as bargaining exorbitant fares, it is also important to comprehensively consider as many factors as possible, from that unilateral measure by governments may bring about retaliatory measures by the governments affected, to that airlines' cooperative practices may rather increase consumers' benefits by lowering air fares.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.70
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• pp.5-15
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• 2007

Octagonal green glass bottle with long neck(녹유리장경각병) was found in the tomb of the princess Hwayu who was King Youngjo's daughter by a concubine while the tomb was exhumed and buried in another place around Bucheon City, Gyeonggi-do. This octagonal glass bottle is dark green. It was made in AD 1736-A1795 because it was cngraved an inscription of "건륭년제" the bottom. This glass bottle was taken an X-ray radiography and tested adhesives and restoration materials for the conservation. Loctite 401 was suitable as considering the translucency of the glass bottle, good adhesive property and reversibility of the adhesive so it was chosen. A minute piece of the glass was analyzed the composition and lead isotope ratio. Major chemical composition of the glass bottle consisted of SiO2, K2O, and PbO system and the ratio was 68: 18.5:5.7. Green color of glass bottle was due to Fe2O3 and CuO. When the glass bottle was made, quartz as raw material of silica and K2O as natural saltpeter(KNO3) were utilized. As a result of lead isotope ratio analysis, it was suggested that the galena as raw material of lead for glass making came from the southern part of China. These results are expected to become useful data in background of glass culture and circulation study of old glass.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.5 no.12
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• pp.3047-3062
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• 1998

This paper deseribes the desihn and the implementation of the Realtime Transport Protocol(RTP)/ Rdaltime Control Protocol(RTCP) (RFC 1889,1890) that is used to transmit the audio/video data to any destination and to feedback the Quality of Service (QoS) information of the received media data to the sender, in the teleconferencing systems proposed by ITU-T. These protocols are implemented with multi thead technique and run on top of UDP/IP-Multicast through the socket interface as the underlying protocol. The upper layer is impelmented such that in can be accessed by the H245 comference control protocol. The RTP packetizes the digitized audio/video data from the encoder info a fixed format, and multieast to the participants. The RTCP monitors RTP packets and extracts the QoS values from it such as round-trip delay, jiter and packet loss to form RTCP packets and non periokically sends them to the sender site. In this Paper, we also descritx the study of measurement and analysis for QoS factors that observed on performing teleconferencing system over Internet. The results from this experiment is indicate that RTT and Jitter value are acceptable even entwork load is high. However, it appears that packet loss rate is high in daytime and most losses periods have length one or two.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.357-368
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• 2020

This study identifies the aspects and characteristics of 'Digital Sexual Crimes' that changed rapidly in recent years. It has identified the so-called "Telegram sexual harassment and exploitation" incident on the front page. We also want to analyze this and draw up policy suggestions that can help prepare social measures. In the wake of the Telegram sexual exploitation scandal, The National Assembly is quickly proposing related bills. However, the reality is that even a clear concept and definition of "Digital sexual Crimes" have not been made yet. The effective support system for victims is also insufficient. Therefore, this paper examines the definition and concept of child sexual exploitation and harassment. We will look at the features, causes, and conditions. In addition, it will examine the current status of Digital Sexual Crimes distribution and deletion of domestic, foreign platforms. Major foreign countries, including the U. S. A. refer to cases in which big data and artificial intelligence technologies are actively used to protect victims and track perpetrators.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.137-158
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• 2011

This study is to investigate the effect of music therapy Program on Problem Behaviors and Social Skills Children with ADHD. The participants of the study were first and second graders in B elementary school in J city. They were observed in unsuitable behavioral patterns in school life by their homeroom teachers. Fifteen participants were divided into control and experimental group: The control group was eight and the experimental group was seven. Group music therapy was conducted two times a week for seven-week period. It took 35-40 minutes per therapy after school. Child Behavior Checklist-Korean, Social Skills Rating System, Social Acceptance were administered in pre- and post-stages. For the analysis of the data, Mann-Whitney U test was used. The findings from the research are summarized as follows: 1) The experimental group who was treated in music therapy showed a positive effect on problem behaviors. That is to say, the participants in the experimental group improved in emotional and cognitive stability while they significantly decreased attack behaviors; 2) The experimental group statistically showed significant improvement in their social behaviors compared to the control group. The music therapy group significantly increased social skills such as cooperation, self-assertion, and self-control. However, they did not improve responsibility as social skills in a significant manner; and 3) The experimental group showed higher degree of social acceptance than the control group. However, the result did not show a significant difference between the groups. In conclusion, the study proved positive effects of music therapy on ADHD children's uncarefulness, attack behaviors, and social skills for seven-week experimental period.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.41-54
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• 1991

This paper aimed to analyse dose sensitivity to the controllable parameters of indoor radon $(^{222}Rn)$ and its decay products (Rn-D) by applying the input~output linear system theory. Physical behaviors of $^{222}Rn\;&\;Rn-D$ were analyzed in terms of $(^{222}Rn)$ gas -generation, -migation and -infiltration to indoor environments, and the performance output-function, i. e. mean dose equivalent to Tracho-Bronchial (TB) lung region, was assessed to the following extented ranges of the controllable paramenters; a) the ventilation rate $constant({\lambda}_v)\;:\;0{\sim}50[h^{-l}].\;b)$ the attachment rate $constant({\lambda}_a)\;:\;0{\sim}500[h^{-l}].\;c)$ the unattached-deposition rate constant (${\lambda}^u_d)\;:\;0-50[h-l]$. A linear input-output model was reconstructed from the original models in literatures, as follows, which was modified into the matrices consisting of 111 nodal equations; a) indoor $^{222}Rn\;&\;Rn-D$ Behaviour; Jacobi-Porstendoerfer-Bruno model.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.112-137
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• 1993

As the concern with the creation of environmental problems and regulations about them becomes internationally growing, environmental cooperations with countries concerned are emerging as the first item on the political agenda. In case of South Korea, cooperations with countries in the Asian region is needed urgently. In particular, cooperations with North Korea will be an important factor to reunify the Korean peninsula as well as to solve environmental problems in South Korea. Accordingly, it is necessary to seek feasible alternatives and possibilities of coping with international environment in South and North Korea. This study is limited to literature study based on collecting materials and the testimony of former residents in North Korea. The period of study ranges from May to December in 1992. The research findings show the following environmental problems and alternatives : It is recognized in South Korea that the creation of environmental problems is product of economic development. Currently, the Korean government makes an effort to revise environmental administration and law, to encourage environmental education, and to proceed with environmental technology policies by establishing environmental policies together with economic development plans. North Korea ascribes the cause of environmental problems to colonial exploitation by Japan and the U.S. Environmental pollutants in North Korea is relatively less than South Korea, provisions such as environmental conservation movement, environmental education, and environmental administration and law are not well organized in the country. However, North korea will speed up its economic development to solve economic crises. Therefore, it is expected that industrial wastes, corrosion of nature, and water pollution will result in serious environmental problems. The fields expected to cooperate with South and North Korea are in the following : South Korea may adopt the model of the former East and West Germany and proceed to cooperate with North Korea in public sector as well as private sector. The possible programs are such as academic exchange to conserve environment, joint research in the area of the Demilitarized Zone, conservation of ecosystems around Imjin and Pukhan Rivers, South Korea's support of advanced environmental technology and industrial and financial aid to North Korea. Conflicts between countries concerned in the North East Asian region will be caused by the responsibilities of pollutions because of the seashore development of the Yellow Sea by South Korea and increasing seashore industrial complexes around the Yellow Sea in China, Therefore, it is desirable that the two countries will participate in organizations related to environment. Joint projects between South and North Korea will be as follows : 1. Construction of long-range monitoring system : 2. Investigation of the state of pollutions around the Yellow Sea and alternatives : 3. Construction of joint monitoring system to regulate the movement of pollutants : 4. Cooperation of environmental technology and exchange of information ; and 5. Support of Cooperation of environment in private sector. Efforts to cooperate with North korea is expected to overcome differences between the two countries as well as to encourage unification of the korean peninsula, which will lead to reducing the cost of environmental recovery. These efforts will also contribute to the maintenance for peace and stability on the korean peninsula as well as in the North East Asian region.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.39 no.5 s.166
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• pp.405-415
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• 2006

The deposition of sewer solids during dry weather in combined sewer systems results in a loss of flow capacity that may restrict flow and cause a local flooding and enhanced solids deposition. Sewer solid accumulations in drainage systems also create the 'first-flush' phenomena during wet weather runoff periods. In order to solve these problems, measurement of these loadings for a given sewer system for extended period is needed but this task is very difficult and extremely expensive. In this study, generalized procedures for estimating sewer sediment solid during dry weather in combined sewer systems developed by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency were applied in a drainage system in Korea. As result, the appropriate equation can be selected and applied according to the available data. However, the estimated solid sediment shows considerable difference between methods which classified by model and estimation methods of variable. The estimated values using equations (1) $\sim$ (4) are greater than that of equations (5) $\sim$ (9) and intermediate models show greater values than elaborate or simplest models. The comparison between simulated and measured solid deposition is difficult due to the absent of measurement data, but this estimation method can be used usefully for the management of sewer solid with reduction of cost and effort if the measurement is carried out and the equation is adjusted according to the actual drainage systems in Korea.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.89-107
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• 2004

This study was conducted to analyze community residents' behavior of Oriental medicine utilization and its related factors in order to provide basic data for formulation of policies on Oriental medicine. The subjects of this study was 500 residents who lived in big or medium sized cities and towns or villages Data were collected from March, 2002 to June, 2002. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1) According to socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, female was 50.3%; 'over 50 years old' 29.9%, 'over college graduate' 39.7%, 'housewife' 23.0%, 'having spouse' 62.1%, 'Buddhist' 50.8%, 'living in big cities' 59.0%, 'middle economic class' 88.1%. 2) The highest proportion of frequency of Oriental medicine utilization was over 10 times(32.5%). The respondents visited Oriental medicine institutions for taking invigorant(51.1%), treatment of diseases in muscle or bone system(30.8%), treatment of diseases in digestive system(6.3%), etc. 3) According to the reasons of utilizing Oriental medicine, the proportion of good effect was highest(36.3%). 66.8% of the respondents replied that Oriental medical fee was expensive, while 0.8% of them replied that it was not expensive. 33.3% of them thought it was proper. 4) 35.5% of the respondents replied that treatment by Oriental medicine could cause side effect and 40.3% of them replied that the side effect could be caused by taking herb medicine. 5) 62.8% of the respondents replied that they would continuously receive opinions on Oriental medicine. The score of knowledge level of treatment by Oriental medicine $6.25{\pm}2.82$ points on the basis of 14 points. 6) The variables significantly influencing utilization of Oriental medicine includes taking diseases, living in big cities, male, upper (economic class, having religion, and effect of Oriental medicine. 7) The factors affecting effect of herb medicine were effect of treatment by Oriental medicine, marital status, knowledge level of Oriental medicine, having diseases, and frequency of receiving the treatment.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.474-484
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• 2016

This study was performed to identify the effects of the improvement of brain function by CST on the elderly with the 2nd or 3rd grade of long-term care insurance service. A quasi-experimental design using a nonequivalent control group, pre-post test was used. A total of 12 elders (6 in the experimental group and 6 in the control group) were recruited. Upledger CST(10-Step Protocol) was performed on each subject for 50 minutes per session, once a week, for a total of 8 treatments over an 8 week period from Jan to Feb 2015. The brain function quotient was measured before the 1st CST and after the last CST by portable EEG measurement device using a 2 Channel neuro-feedback system. The data was analyzed by SPSS (Ver. 18.0) program. After CST intervention, the attention quotient (AQ), level of tension, anti-stress quotient (ASQ), emotion quotient (EQ) and brain quotient (BQ) of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group. These results showed that the CST was effective in reducing the level of fatigue by the AQ, increasing the physical and psychological stress relief by the ASQ, emotional balance by the EQ, and improving the total brain function by the BQ. Therefore, CST can be used as an effective intervention for improving the health and brain function of the elderly in health facilities.