• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.44-53
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• 2020

In conjunction with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the unmanned aerial vehicle industry is being developed to a new paradigm by combining advanced technologies such as AI, Big Data and the IoT. Aeronautical developed countries such as the U.S. are focusing their efforts on the development of the safer unmanned aerial vehicles. The Korea Aerospace Research Institute, as part of the national R&D project in 2011, had succeeded in developing the first vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) UAS, called Smart-UAV. However, although the development technology of the VTOL UAS is possessed, developing and operating of the VTOL UAS for commercial or military use are limited. The type certification procedure of the VTOL UAS developed by domestic technology is stipulated in the Korean Aviation Safety Act, but the Korean VTOL UAS airworthiness standards (KAS) hsve not been established. Thus, this study investigated the development trends of the VTOL UAS in Korea and abroad and national certification systems and procedures, and benchmarked the special conditions for the VTOL aircraft, announced by the EASA on July 2, 2019, to establish standards for type certificate of the VTOL UAS in Korea.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 2020

This purpose of this paper was to review the development trend of the VTOL MAVs with a ducted propellant that can fly like the VTOL at intermediate and high speeds, hovering, landing, and lifting off vertically over urban areas, warships, bridges, and mountainous terrains. The MAV differs in flight characteristics from helicopters and fixed wings in many respects. In addition to enhancing thrust, the duct protects personnel from accidental contact with the spinning rotor. The purpose of the U.S. Army FCS and DARPA's OAV program is spurring development of a the VTOL ducted MAV. Today's MAVs are equipped with video/infrared cameras to hover-and-stare at enemies hidden behind forests and hills for approximately one hour surveillance and reconnaissance. Class-I is a VTOL ducted MAV developed in size and weight that individual soldiers can store in their backpacks. Class-II is the development of an organic VTOL ducted fan MAV with twice the operating time and a wider range of flight than Class-I. MAVs will need to develop to perch-and-stare technology for lengthy operation on the current hover-and-stare. The near future OAV's concept is to expand its mission capability and efficiency with a joint operation that automatically lifts-off, lands, refuels, and recharges on the vehicle's landing pad while the manned-unmanned ground vehicle is in operation. A ducted MAV needs the development of highly accurate relative position technology using low cost and small GPS for automatic lift-off and landing on the landing pad. There is also a need to develop a common command and control architecture that enables the cooperative operation of organisms between a VTOL ducted MAV and a manned-unmanned ground vehicle.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.103-114
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• 1995

Since autoheated thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) process has various advantages for the treatment of high-strength organic wastewater, active research and field application has been applied in U.S.A. and Canada, recently and the interest in ATAD process has been elevated for treating high-strength organic wastewater efficiently in Korea. Therefore, various experiments were carried out to evaluate the feasibility of ATAD process for the treatment of pig manure wastewater. The results of this study showed possibility to reuse pig manure wastewater as wet fodder or liquid compost, since ATAD process led excellent stabilization on the basis of odor and putrefaction. However. digested sludge can not be provided as wet fodder to most of hog farms without changing dry feeder system into wet system and as liquid compost to hog farms not having their own grass land. Since the results showed that the increase of temperature in reactor was resulted not from energy by biological activity. but from mechanical mixing energy. the reactor investigated in this study was against the principle of ATAD process. Therefore. if pig manure wastewater treated by ATAD can not be utilized as wet fodder. it is not economical to adopt ATAD process only for the treatment of wastewater.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.34
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• pp.161-195
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• 2006

Standing to sue has become one of the most important and controversial issues in suits between the press and the victims injured by the press reports. Even thought Korean law was patterned after the European legal system, there is no denying that the Korean Constitution was influenced by that of the United States. The judicial system was also influenced by its counterpart in the United States. The doctrine of standing to sue has plagued the U.S. Supreme Court for several decades. The traditional test of standing in the federal courts was, at the beginning of the century, whether the interest asserted by the plaintiff amounted to a 'legal right', entitled to the protection of the common law. In recent years, the Supreme Court seems to have settled on a two-tiered method for determining whether a plaintiff has standing to sue in federal court. The first level of inquiry is the constitutional core, and the second is the judicially imposed prudential limitations. The purpose of this study is to find out the doctrine of standing in the legal proceedings caused by the press reports. The press needs to internally transform as well to prevent legal dispute, enforcing confirmation when collecting news materials and building up the device for pre-examining the news. The press is also requested to help sincerely the victim recover, realizing that they waste their reputation and credit not to mention a lot of time and monet during the legal dispute.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.3
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• pp.75-85
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• 1996

Nursing Intervention Classification(NIC) includes the 433 intervention lists to standardize the nursing language. Efforts to standardize and classify nursing care are important because they make explicit what has previously been implicit, assumed and unknown. NIC is a standardized language of both nurse-initiated and physician-initiated nursing treatments. Each of the 433 interventions has a label, definition and set of activities that a nurse does to carry it out. It defines the interventions performed by all nurses no matter what their setting or specialty. Principles of label, definition and activity construction were established so there is consistency across the classification. NIC was developed for following reasons; 1. Standandization of the nomen clature of nursing treatments. 2. Expansion of nursing knowledge about the links between diagnoses, treatments and outcomes. 3. Devlopment of nursing and health care information systems. 4. Teaching decision making to nursing students. 5. Determination of the costs of service provided by nurses. 6. Planning for resources needed in nursing practice settings. 7. Language to communicate the unigue function of nursing. 8. Articulation with the classification systems of other health care providers. The process of NIC development ; 1. Develop implement and evaluate an expert review process to evaluate feedback on specific interventions in NIC and to refine the interventions and classification as feedback indicates. 2. Define and validate indirect care interventions. 3. Refine, validate and publish the taxonomic grouping for the interventions. 4. Translate the classification into a coding system that can be used for computerization for articulation with other classifications and for reimbursement. 5. Construct an electronic version of NIC to help agencies in corporate the classifiaction into nursing information systems. 6. Implement and evaluate the use of the classification in a nursing information system in five different agencies. 7. Establish mechanisms to build nursing knowledge through the analysis of electronically retrievable clinical data. 8. Publish a second edition of the nursing interventions classification with taxonomic groupings and results of field testing. It is suggested that the following researches are needed to develp NIC in Korea. 1. To idenilfy the intervention lists in Korea. 2. Nursing resources to perform the nursing interventions. 3. Comparative study between Korea and U.S.A. on NIC. 4. Linkage among nursing diagnosis, nursing interventions and nursing outcomes. 5. Linkage between NIC and other health care information systems. 6. determine nursing costs on NIC.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.437-445
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• 2013

This study was conducted to develop site index equations and to estimate productive areas of Quercus acutissima by ecoprovince in Korea using environmental factors. Using the large data set from both a digital forest site map and a climatic map, a total of 48 environmental factors including 19 climatic variables were regressed on site index to develop site index equations. Four to six environmental factors for Quercus acutissima by ecoprovince were selected as independent variables in the final site index equations. The result showed that the coefficients of determination for site index equations were ranged from 0.30 to 0.41, which seem to be relatively low but good enough for the estimation of forest stand productivity. The site index equations developed in this study were also verified by three evaluation statistics such as the estimation bias of model, precision of model, and mean square error of measurement. According to the evaluation statistics, it was found that the site index equations fitted well to the test data sets with relatively low bias and variation. As a result, it was concluded that the site index equations were well capable of estimating site quality. Based on the site index equations of Quercus acutissima by ecoprovince, the productive areas by ecoprovince were estimated by applying GIS technique to the digital forest site map and climate map. In addition, the distribution of productive areas by ecoprovince was illustrated by using GIS technique.

• Strategy21
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• s.41
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• pp.261-293
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• 2017

Nuclear power is a way of attaining an enormous amount of energy with relatively small amount of resources and after it has been introduced to the submarine since 1954, there are approximately 150 of nuclear powered submarine currently on a mission around the world. This is due to the maneuverability, mountability and covertness of nuclear submarines. However, there are other tasks, not only the high level of nuclear technology that are needed to be dealt with in order to construct nuclear powered submarine. The biggest task of all is to secure the enriched uranium. Accordingly, this research is about the way of enriching and securing the nuclear fuel that are used in the nuclear submarine with the characteristics, merits and demerits of the nuclear submarine. Due to the fact that the pressurized water reactor in South Korea is the reactor that was originally built for the development of nuclear powered submarine, many parts is designed to be suitable for the submarine propulsion. However, in order to apply this to submarine it is needed to consider additional requests such as the position of reactor, accident-coping system, radioactive covering, reactor output adjustment and ship's pitch and roll in order to apply this to submarine. Nuclear submarines have much higher speed based on the powerful propulsion in comparison with diesel-electric submarine and also have bigger loading area. Besides, there is no need to snorkel and they also have advantages in covertness with the multi-noise proof system. The nuclear technology in South Korea has seen the dramatic development since 1962 and in 1998 reached to the level that we have succeeded in the localization of nuclear plant and exported the world-class one-piece small-sized reactor (SMART) to UAE. To operate these reactors, we import the whole quantity of low-enriched uranium and having our own uranium enrich facility is not probable because of the budget and international regulations. With the ROK/US nuclear agreement revised on 2015 November, the enrichment of uranium that are available without special permission has changed up to 20%. According to the assumption that we use the 20% enrichment of Uranium on U.S. virginia class submarine, it is necessary to change the fuel after 11 years and it will cause additional cost of 1 billion dollars. But the replace period by the uranium's enrichment rate is not fixed so that it is possible to change according to the design of reactor. Therefore, I would like to make a suggestion on two types of design concepts of nuclear submarine that can be operated for 30 years without nuclear fuel change by using the 20% enriched uranium from ONNp.First of all, it is possible by increasing the size of reactor by 3 times and it results in the 1,000t increase of the weight. And secondly, it is by designing the one piece reactor to insert devices such as steam turbine, condenser into the inside of nuclear core like the Rubis class submarines of France.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02b
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• pp.451-455
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• 2008

Emotional design gets more and more important. However, the systematical approaches to integration of user experience elements in product design have been rarely tried. This study consists of three parts. We extracted affective words fitting to design direction based on trend analysis. Then, user experience elements were matched with affective words. Finally, a prototype system was made to guide designing affective factors in electronic products. In the present study, user experience elements were defined as color, material & finishing, and sound. Through various documents analysis and trend analysis, trend analysis experts and user experience designers extracted 31 affective keywords which could fully reflect current trend. After paired-comparison of selected keywords, 2 sensibility dimensions were obtained by multidimensional scaling. Trend affective keywords could be explained by 2 dimensions of human-centered' vs. 'techno-centered' and 'warm vs. cool'. Next, user experience elements stimuli were matched with each keyword by user direct positioning on the 2 dimensions affective map. Based on the result of the experiment, the prototype system was developed for the product designers. The results of the current study could guide designers to design emotionally satisfactory products.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2010

An undisturbed healing process without micromotion at the implant-bone interface is essential for achievement of osseointegration of dental implant. Therefore, initial stability was advocated as prerequisite for successful clinical outcome. Adequate bone quality and quantity were important to achieve initial stability and to prevent early failures. However there were few published data available regarding the effect of design change in implant geometry on initial stability of the implants. The purpose of the current study was to assess the initial stability of various designs of implants when placed into artificial bone materials of varying qualities and shapes of insertion holes. Within the scope of this study, the following results were drawn. Bone quality was major importance to achieve initial stability. Initial stability was higher on GS II which had additional design feature of double thread. With a tapered design of implant such as GS III showed a higher initial stability than straight one. An insertion hole with the similar shape of implant would lead to reduce a compression force on cortical bone and enhance a bone anchorage on cancellous bone.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.53-69
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• 2006

This is a survey on congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia, conducted by the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons(KAPS). A registration form for each patient during the 5-year-period between 1998 and 2002 and a questionaire were sent to each member. Twenty-ninemembers in 22 institutions returned completed forms. The average number of patients per surgeon was 1.4 cases a year. The male to female ratio was 1.64: 1, and annual incidencewas 1/14,522 live births. In this review, factors influencing survival in congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia were age at admission, birth weight, time of antenatal diagnosis, birth place, Apgar score, onset time of symptoms and signs, preoperative cardiopulmonary resuscitation, associated anomalies of themusculoskeletal system, central nervous system, or chromosomes, preoperative stabilization, levels of preoperative $FiO_2$, pH, and $AaDO_2$, perioperative complications, bilaterality of defect, size of the defect, and presence or absence of hernia sac.