• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.151-159
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• 2007

We studied the optimal ranges of water and soil characteristics for wetland plants, particularly Scirpus tabernaemontani (softstem bulrush) and Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail), which are dominant species with potential for restoration of Korean wetlands. We observed vegetation in S. tabernaemontani and T. latifolia communities from the mid to late June, 2005, and measured characteristics of water environments such as water depth (WD), temperature (WT), conductivity (WC), and concentration of several ions $(NO_3{^-}-N,\;Ca^{2+},\;Na^+,\;Mg^{2+},\;and\;K^+)$, and characteristics of soil environments such as soil texture, organic matter (loss on ignition, LOI), conductivity, and pH. The S. tabernaemontani community was accompanied by Zizania latifolia (Manchurian wildrice), Persicaria thunbergii (Korean persicary), Actinostemma lobatum (lobed actinostemma), and Beckmannia syzigachne (American slough grass), while the T. latifolia community was accompanied by P. thunbergii, T. angustifolia (narrowleaf cattail), and Glycine soja (wild soybean). We defined the optimal range for distribution (ORD) as the range that each plant was crowded. The optimal range of water characteristics for the S. tabernaemontani community was a $WD\;10{\sim}50cm,\;WT\;24.0{\sim}32.0^{\circ}C,\;WC\;100{\sim}500{\mu}S/cm,\;{NO_3}{^-}-N\;0{\sim}60ppb,\;K^+\;0.00{\sim}1.50ppm,\;Ca^{2+}\;7.50{\sim}17.50ppm,\; Na^+\;2.50{\sim}12.50ppm,\;and\;Mg^{2+}\;3.00{\sim}7.00ppm$. In addition, the optimal range of soil characteristics for the S. tabernaemontani community was a soil texture of loam, silty loam, and loamy sand, $LOI\;8.0{\sim}16.0%,\;pH\;5.25{\sim}6.25$, and conductivity $10{\sim}70{\mu}S/cm$. The optimal range of water characteristics for the T. latifolia community was a $WD\;10{\sim}30cm,\;WT\;22.5{\sim}27.5^{\circ}C,\;WC\;100{\sim}400{\mu}S/cm,\;{NO_3}{^-}-N\;0{\sim}60ppb,\;K^+\;0.00{\sim}1.50ppm,\;Ca^{2+}\;0.00{\sim}17.50ppm,\;Na^+\;0.00{\sim}12.50ppm,\;and\;Mg^{2+}\;0.00{\sim}5.00ppm$, and the optimal range of soil characteristics for the T. fatifolia community was a soil texture of loam, sandy loam, and silty loam, LOI $3.0{\sim}9.0%,\;pH\;5.25{\sim}7.25$, and conductivity $0{\sim}70{\mu}S/cm$.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2001

30년 전 석호를 간척한 후 농경을 포기하여 자연 천이가 진행되고 있는 강원도 양양군 동해안의 군개 습지에서 물 및 토양환경과 관련하여 습지 식생을 조사하였다. 이 습지에서는 해수의 유입이 차단되어 거의 담수화되었으며, 수심과 토양 유기물 함량의 공간적 변이가 다른 환경요인에 비하여 상대적으로 컸다. 다변량 분석인 detrended canonical correspondence analysis를 실시한 결과 습지의, 식물군집 구조는 주로 수심 혹은 지형의 높이와 토양 유기물함량에 의하여 결정되었다. 군개 습지에서는 다양한 정수식물 식생이 발달하였다 갈대, 산조풀, 삿갓사초, 부처꽃과 같은 종은 전체 습지에 넓게 분포하였고, 애기부들과 큰고랭이와 같은 수생식물은 수심이 깊고 낮은 지형에, 미국가막사리, 며느리배꼽과 같은 황무지 식물은 토양 유기물함량이 많은 육상에 가까운 곳에, 통보리사초, 백령풀, 곰솔, 눈양지꽃과 같은 사구식생은 높은 지형에서 발달하였다. 교란된 군개 습지를 보존, 복원하기 위해서는 자연 석호의 식생 분석으로부터 복원 원형을 도출하고 자연 습지 수위로 복원하고 바다와 수문을 연결하는 것이 중요하다고 판단되었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2001

The floating islands have been constructed for the water quality improvement and the biodiversity conservation in an disturbed aquatic ecosystem. We made floating islands consisted of a special float and substrates of coconut fibers implanted with four emergent macrophytes such as Phragmites australis, Zizania latifolia, Iris pseudoacorus, Typha angustifolia. Vegetation structure and plant growth were compared between on the floating islands and on ground in order to select suitable plants for the construction of floating islands. Emergent-macrophytic vegetation on the floating islands showed lower coverages and higher plant biodiversity due to natural introduction of various hydrophytes and hygrophytes. Shoot density was increased on floating islands except for Zizania latifolia. From the point of coverage and density of plants, Phragmites australis and Iris pseudoacorus were suitable for floating islands. Total biomass of emergent macrophytes was decreased on the floating islands. The belowground/aboveground biomass ratio of floating islands was higher than that of the ground. Out of planted macrophytes, Iris pseudoacorus with a high belowground/aboveground biomass ratio could be evaluated a suitable plant for the floating islands because a plenty of its root is profitable to adapt with the nutrient-limited environment of floating islands.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.543-550
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• 2015

In this study, using soil brick with combined effective microorganisms and emergent plants was identified which it can increase the effect of conservation and improvement of water. Lab-test was consist of four kind of reactors and each of reactors were A(rawwater), B(soil brick), C(emergent plant) and D(soil brick+emergent plant). Iris pseudoacorus, Phargmites australis, Typha angustifolia and Zizania latifolia were used for emergent plant. Evaluation of application on various environment were performed on agricultural waterway and pond. The pH measurement test of soil brick was performed due to evaluate whether a strong alkaline water flows out of the soil brick. Result of lab-test, removal efficiency of D was better than removal efficiency of A presenting 20.9%, 27.9% 21.5%, 33.8% and 58.4% for $COD_{Cr}$, $BOD_5$, TN, TP and TSS respectively. Removal efficiency of soil brick on agricultural waterway was revealed to be 49.5%, 45.0%, 43.7%, 37.3% and 28.6% for $COD_{Cr}$, $BOD_5$, TN, TP and TSS respectively. And removal efficiency of soil brick on the pond was revealed to be 12.7%, 10.5%, 9.32%, 10.4% and 36.3% for $COD_{Cr}$, $BOD_5$, TN, TP and TSS respectively. Result of pH measurement test of soil brick was neutral which was about 6 to 8.

• 생태와환경
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.295-304
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• 2017

습지보호지역인 전북 고창 운곡습지의 현존식생에 대한 군락분류와 군락분포를 규명하였다. 전통적인 식물사회학적 방법과 국제식생명명규약에 따라 단위식생을 분류하고 명명하였다. 서식처 기반의 식생 다양성은 침수식생으로부터 연목림식생에 이르기까지 7가지 상관식생형에서 총 88분류군으로 이루어진 12가지 단위식생이 분류되었다: 버드나무-골풀군락, 선버들-이삭사초군집, 달뿌리풀-갈퀴덩굴군락, 갈대군집, 매자기군집, 애기부들-나도겨풀군락, 골풀-별날개골풀군락, 나도겨풀군집, 마름-어리연꽃군집 (전형아군집과 네가래아군집(신칭), 가시연꽃변군집 포함), 연꽃군락, 참통발군락, 말즘군집. 축척 1 : 5,000의 지형도를 바탕으로 현존식생도를 제작하여 식생 공간분포를 기재하였다. 산간 선상지 습지를 포함한 배후습지와 원수대식생역의 서식처-단위식생 대응성에 관한 본 연구의 결과는 운곡습지 생태 관리의 바탕 정보를 제공한다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2005

Total phosphorus(TP) removal was examined in a surface-flow wetland constructed in April 2003 during its initial operating stage from June to November 2003. Its dimensions were 87mL by 14mW. It was a part of a four-wetland-cell treatment system constructed near the Kohung Estuarine Lake located in the southern part of Korea. Effluent from a night soil treatment plant was discharged into the wetland and purified effluent from the wetland was discharged into Sinyang Stream flowing into the Lake. Cattails(Typha angustifolia ) from natural wetlands were cut at about 40 cm height and transplanted into the wetland. An average of 25.0$m^3$/day of effluent flowed from the plant into the wetland. Water depth was maintained about 0.2m and hydraulic detention time was about 5.2 days. Average heights of the cattail stems in June and October 2003 were 47.2 and 164.6cm, respectively. The average number of stems was 10.2 stems/$m^2$ in June 2003 and 18.8 stems/$m^2$ in October 2003. Average temperature of influent and effluent ranged 23.4 and $24.2^{\circ}C$, respectively. The average TP concentrations of influent and effluent were about 1.31, 0.50mg/L, respectively. TP loading rate of influent into the wetland averaged 26.81mg/$m^2$, day and average TP loading rate of effluent was 10.04mg/$m^2$, day. Monthly average TP removal by the wetland during the warm growing season of cattails(June to September) ranged 16.28~19.57mg/$m^2$, day and during the cold senescent period (October to November) ranged 12.62~13.90mg/$m^2$, day. TP removal in the wetland continued during the cold winter months and was primarily done by sedimentation and precipitation of phosphorus rather than phosphorus absorption by cattails and microorganisms.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.209-223
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• 2007

Twenty-four wetlands located in Higashi-Hiroshima City in West Japan were selected for this study in order to investigate both the relationship between aquatic plant composition and environmental conditions; and the relationship between changing land use patterns in the catchments and the concentration of different forms of nitrogen in the wetlands. The dominant and subdominant species which comprised the principal vegetation were determined based on a vegetation census conducted in each wetland during the growing season from June to August, 2006. The seasonal variations of water quality factors (pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solid, and temperature) and different forms of nitrogen such as nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, total nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations were analyzed as important indicators of water quality for the surface water of the wetlands. The surveyed wetlands were classified into three types (non-disturbed wetlands, moderately-disturbed wetlands and highly-disturbed wetlands), based on the degree of human disturbance to their catchment areas. An analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant difference among the wetland groups in the annual mean values of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total nitrogen, nitrite, dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved organic nitrogen. Classification of the wetlands into three groups has revealed a pattern of changes in the composition of plant species in the wetlands and a pattern of changes in nitrogen concentrations. A majority of the non-disturbed wetlands were characterized by Brasenia schrebi and Trapa bispinosa as dominant; with Potamogeton fryeri and Iris pesudacorus as sub-dominant species. For most of the moderately-disturbed wetlands, Brasenia schrebi were shown to be a dominant species; Elocheriss kuriguwai and Phragmites australis were observed as sub-dominant species. For a majority of the highly-disturbed wetlands, Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia were observed as dominant species, and Nymphea tetragona as the sub-dominant species in the study area. An analysis of land use and water quality factors indicated that forest area played a considerable role in reducing the concentration of nutrients, and can act as a sink for surface/subsurface nutrient inputs flowing into wetland water, anchor the soil, and lower erosion rates into wetlands.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.228-233
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• 2004

Nitrate removal was examined from May to October 2003 of a surface flow treatment wetland cell, which was a part of a treatment wetland system composed of four wetland cells and a distribution pond The system was established on rice paddy near the Kohung Estuarine Lake located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Effluent from a secondary-level night soil treatment plant was funneled into the system. The investigated cell, 87 m in length and 14 m in width, was created in April 2003. An open water was designed at its center, which was equivalent to 10 percent of its total area. Cattails (Typha angustifolia) were transplanted from natural wetlands into the cell and their stems were cut at about 40cm height from their bottom ends. Average $25.0\;m^3/day$ of effluent from the treatment plant was funneled into the cell by gravity flow and average $24.1\;m^3/day$ of its treated effluent was discharged into the Sinyang Stream flowing into the lake. Its water depth was maintained about 0.2 m and its hydraulic detention time averaged 5.2 days. Average height of the cattail stems was 42.5 cm in May 2M3 and 117.7 cm in September 2003. The number of stems averaged $9.5\;stems/m^2$ in May 2003 and $16.4\;stems/m^2$ in September 2003. The growth of cattails was good. Temperature of influent and effluent averaged 25.9 and $26.7^{\circ}C$, respectively. $NO_3$-N loading rate of influent and effluent averaged 176.67 and $88.09\;mg/m^2\;day$, respectively. Removal of rf03-N averaged $89.58\;mg/m^2\;day$ and its removal rate by mass was about 50%. Considering its initial operating stage in which cattail rhizomes and litter layer on the bottom were not Idly established, the $NO_3$-N removal rate of the cell was rather good.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.234-239
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• 2004

[ $NO_3$ ]-N and T-N removal rates of cattail wetland cells were compared with those of reed wetland cells. The examined cells were a part of a pond-wetland system composed of two ponds in series and six wetland cells in parallel. Each wetland cell was 25m in length and 6m in width. Cattails (Typha angustifolia) were transplanted into three cells and reeds Phragmites australis) into another three ones in June 2000. Water of Sinyang stream flowing into Kohung Estuarine lake located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula was pumped into the primary pond, its effluent was discharged into the secondary pond Effluent from the secondary pond was funneled into each cell. Two cattail and reed cells were chosen for this research. Water quantity and quality of influnt and effluent were analyzed front May 2001 through October 2001. The volume of influent and effluent of the cells averaged about $20.0\;m^3/day$ and $19.3\;m^3/day$, respectively. Hydraulic retention time was approximately 1.5 days. Influent $NO_3$-N concentration for the four cells averaged 2.39 mg/L. Effluent $NO_3$-N concentration far the cattail and reed cells averaged 1.74 and 1.78 mg/L, respectively. Average $NO_3$-N retention rate for the cattail and reed cells by mass was 30 and 29%, respectively. Influent T-N concentration far the four cells averaged 4.13 mg/L. Effluent T-N concentration for the cattail and reed cells averaged 2.55 and 2.61 mgL respectively. Average T-N retention rate for the cattail and reed cells by mass was 39 and 38%, respectively. $NO_3$-N and T-N concentrations in effluent from the cattail cells were significantly low (p=0.04), compared with those from the reed cells. Cattail wetland cells were more efficient for $NO_3$-N and T-N abatement than reed ones.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.77-82
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• 1999

저수지의 수질개선을 위한 인공식물섬의 설치상 문제점, 수질개선의 가능성, 생태계의 변화, 유지관리, 향후 설치시 개선사항을 파악하기 위해 중규모 농업용 저수지에 인공식물섬을 설치 운영한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 포장에서 포트로 재배된 식물을 뿌리에 붙어 있는 토양과 함께 쥬트(마)포트에 넣어 식물매트에 심은 결과 고사된 식물이 없는 것으로 조사되어 포장에서 재배된 수생식물을 농업용 저수지에 식재할 경우 수생식물의 성장에는 지장이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 천연소재인 쥬트포트와 식물매트는 물 속에서 상당 기간 체류하면서도 원래의 재질 상태를 유지하고 있는 것으로 조사되어 이들의 부식은 상당한 기간에 걸쳐 일어날 것으로 보여 이들이 저수지의 수질에 미치는 영향은 거의 없을 것으로 판단된다. 3. '98. 6월에 식재된 애기부들, 줄, 갈대의 인공식물섬에서 성장 기간동안 순생산량은 $962gDM/m^2$, $1,115gDM/m^2$, $523gDM/m^2$으로 계산되었으며, 식재 당시에 비해 각각 33, 44, 56배 성장하였다. 단위 면적당 순생산량은 줄이 가장 높으며, 생산량 속도는 갈대가 가장 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 인공식물섬에 식재된 식물의 성장속도, 지상부와 뿌리부의 균형 등을 고려할 때 갈대가 가장 유리한 것으로 나타났다. 4. 인공식물섬에 식재된 식물의 총 영양물질의 흡수율을 계산한 결과 질소 5.0kg/yr, 인 0.8kg/yr으로 나타났다. 지수지 수표면의 1/20을 인공식물섬으로 조성할 경우 영양물질 흡수량은 저수지 삭감부하량의 질소는 9%, 인은 34%를 처리할 수 있어 인공식물섬이 저수지 수질개선공법으로 가능성이 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 5. 인공식물섬이 설치된 부분과 설치되지 않는 부분의 수질을 분석한 결과 저수지에서 바람과 호류(湖流)의 영향으로 인공식물섬 설치에 따른 저수지 수질효과를 직접적으로 파악하기는 어려운 것으로 나타났으며, 이 부분은 수질예측모형을 이용하거나 같은 규모의 폐쇄된 연못을 여러 개 만들고 인공식물섬이 있는 경우와 없는 경우의 수질을 측정하여 분석하는 것이 합리적일 것으로 판단된다. 6. 인공식물섬의 아랫부분은 어류와 새우류의 서식처, 인공식물섬 매트위는 양서 파충류의 서식처 기능을 하며, 인공식물섬 위에는 많은 곤충류가 날아들고 있고, 식재된 식물 이외에 11종이 유입되어 인공식물섬은 생물의 종다양성에 크게 기여하는 것으로 나타났다. 7. 인공식물섬은 수질을 정화할 뿐만 아니라 경관과 종다양성의 증진, 유지관리의 용이, 고도의 기술과 에너지의 불필요, 부하변동에 대한 적응성이 좋은 것으로 나타나 저수지의 수질개선에 유용한 공법으로 평가되었다. 그러나 효율적인 인공식물섬이 되려면 가볍고 강하며, 내구성이 있고 비용이 적은 부체를 개발하는데 깊은 연구가 이루어져야 한다.