• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.93-104
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• 1999

NOx formation in turbulent flames is strongly coupled with temperature, superequilibrium concentration of O radical, and residence time. This implies that in order to accurately predict NO level, it is necessary to develop sophisticated models able to account for the complex turbulent combustion processes including turbulence/chemistry interaction and radiative heat transfer. The present study numerically investigates the turbulent nonpremixed hydrogen jet flames using the laminar flamelet model. Flamelet library is constructed by solving the modified Peters equations and the turbulent combustion model is extended to nonadiabatic flame by introducing the enthalpy defect. The effects of turbulent fluctuation are taken into account by the presumed joint PDFs for mixture fraction, scalar dissipation rate, and enthalpy defect. The predictive capability of the present model has been validated against the detailed experimental data. Effects of nonequilibrium chemistry and radiative heat loss on the thermal NO formation are discussed in detail.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.11-16
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• 2011

Numerical analyses have been carried out to analyze the three-dimensional turbulent heat transfer by impingement jet on a concave surface with variation of geometric configurations. Three-dimensional Reynolds averaged Navier-stokes equations have been calculated using the shear stress transport turbulent model. The numerical results for heat transfer rate were validated in comparison with the experimental data. The distance between jet nozzles and angle of inclined jet nozzle were selected as the geometric variables. Area-averaged Nusselt numbers on concave surface are evaluated to find the characteristics of heat transfer with the two geometric variables. The heat transfer increases as the distance between jet nozzles increases, and the inclined impinging jets show much better heat transfer performance than the vertical impinging jet.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.81-86
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• 2004

Between rolling airframe missile and swirling propulsion jet passing through convergent-divergent nozzle of the rocket motor, occur exchanges of angular momentum which result in the increase of roll speed of the missile. This phenomena in called jet roll damping. In the study jet roll damping was formulated from conservation equation of angular momentum. And the maximum value of the jet roll damping of KPSAM was estimated with assumed swirl velocity distribution at nozzle exit and compared with result of computation of axisymmetric compressible turbulent nozzle flow.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.237-240
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• 2002

In the present study, we perform LES of turbulent flow and temperature fields in a circular impinging jet at Re=5000 for two cases of H/D=2 and 6 (H denotes the distance between the jet exit and flat plate, and D does the diameter of the jet exit). In the case of H/D=2, the regular vortical structures observed in free jet do not exist because of the smaller distance than the potential core. The Nusselt number on the wall is largest at $r/D{\cong}10.67$ where vortex rings Impinge. At $r/D{\cong}1.5{\~}2.0$, the vortex rings induce the secondary vortices, resulting in a secondary peak in the Nusselt number there. In the case of H/D=6, the vortex rings change into three-dimensional vortical structures and the small-scale vortices impinge on the flat plate. The increase of turbulent intensity due to small-scale vortices results in the largest Nusselt number at the stagnation point.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.58-65
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• 1995

A numerical study for a two dimensional multi-jet with crossflow of the spent fluid has been carried out. Three different distributions of mass-flow rate at 5 jet exits were assumed to see their effects upon the flow characteristics, especially in the jet-flow region. For each distribution, various Reynolds numbers ranging from laminar to turbulent flows were considered. Calculations drew the following items as conclusion. 1) The development of the free jets issued from downstream jets was hindered by the crossflow formed due to jets. Consequently, the free jet was developed into the channel flow without any evident symptom of impingement jet flow characteristics 2) The crossflow induced the pressure gradient along the cross section of jet exits and the value of the pressure gradient increased as going downstream. The crossflow generated also the turbulent kinetic energy as it collied with the downstream jets. 3) The skin friction coefficient along the impingement plate was affected more by the distribution of mass flow rate at jet exits rather than by the Reynolds number. The skin friction coefficient was inversely proportional to the square root of the Reynolds number, regardless of flow regime when a fully developed flow was formed in the jet flow region. 4) The distribution of the skin friction coefficient along the impingement plate was found to be controlled by adjusting the distribution of mass flow rate at jet exits.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1253-1263
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• 1994

The experimental study is carried out to identify the combustion generated noise mechanism in free turbulent jet diffusion flames. Axial mean fluctuating velocities in cold and reacting flow fields were measured using hot-wire anemometer and LDv.The overall sound pressure level and their spectral distribution in far field with and without combustion were also measured in an anechoic chamber. The axial mean velocity is 10-25% faster and turbulent intensities are about 10 to 15% smaller near active reacting zone than those in nonreacting flow fields. And sound pressure level is about 10-20% higher in reacting flow fields. It is also shown that the spectra of the combustion noise has lower frequency characteristics over a broadband spectrum. These results indicate that the combustion noise characteristics in jet diffusion flames are dominated by energy containing large scale eddies and the combusting flow field itself. Scaling laws correlating the gas velocity and heat of combustion show that the acoustic power of the combustion noise is linearly proportional to the 3.8th power of the mean axial velocity rather than 8th power in nonreacting flow fields, and the SPL increases linearly with logarithmic 1/2th power of the heat of combustion.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1387-1393
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• 2002

The measurement of velocity and stain rate field has been conducted in opposed impinging jet combustion. When a smaller diameter (5mm) orifice of pre-chamber was used, previous studies had reported that the combustion phase showed a shift from weak turbulent combustion to moderate turbulent combustion in the modified Borghi Diagram. In the case with smaller orifice diameter (5mm), NOx emission was substantially reduced by a factor 1/2 while the combustion pressure remains at the same as that in the conventional combustion. Hence, in this study, the experiment setup using PIV technique was designed to identify the relation of the strain rate distribution and NOx reduction associated with moderate turbulent combustion. As a result, it was found that the highly strained pockets are widely distributed during the combustion in the middle of chamber when the orifice diameter is 5mm. And the corresponding PDF distribution of strain rates she was the smoothly distributed strain .ate within the range of ｜$\pm$1000｜ (1/sec) rather than a spike shape about zero point. This is the unique feature observed in the combustion with 5mm orifice diameter. Therefore, it can be concluded that the substantial NOx reduction in opposed impinging combustor is mainly attributed to the strain rate distribution within the range of ｜$\pm$1000｜resulting in the combustion phase shift to moderate turbulent combustion.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.179-185
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• 2001

The time consuming and expensive nature of experimental research on scouring processes caused by flowing water makes it attractive to develop numerical tools for the predication of the interaction of the fluid flow and the movable bed. In this paper the numerical simulation of scour by a wall jet is presented. The flow is assumed to be two-dimensional, and the alluvium is cohesionless. The solution process, repeated at each time step, involves simulation of a turbulent wall jet flow, solution of the convection-diffusion of sand concentration, and prediction of the bed deformation. For simulation of the jet flow, the governing equations for momentum, mass balance and turbulent parameters are solved by the finite volume method. The SIMPLE scheme with momentum interpolation is used for pressure correction. The convection-diffusion equation is solved for sediment concentration. A boundary condition for concentration at the bed, which takes into account the effect of bed-load, is implemented. The time rate of deposition and scour at the bed is obtained by solving the continuity equation for sediment. The shape and position of the scour hole and deposition of the bed material downstream of the hole appear realistic.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.3386-3394
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• 1994

An experimental study has been performed on the flow over a rotating disk, where the diameter of the disk is 500 mm and the maximum vertical deviation of the upper surface is $50 \mu{m}$ for the whole range of the angular velocity up to 3400 rpm. The flow visualization experiment for the wall jet flow induced by impinging circular jet is carried out using schlieren system and measurements are made by 3-hole and 5-hole pitot tubes. Schlieren photographs show that as the rotating speed increases the wall jet flow becomes more stable and the size of the largest eddies becomes smaller. Measurements for impinging jet flow on the stationary disk verify the accuracy of the present experiment, and those for free rotating disk flow display the existence of transition region from laminar to turbulent flows. Measurements for impinging jet flow on the rotating disk exhibit the interaction between the wall jet and the viscous pumping effect, which explains the decay in size of turbulent eddies illustrated by the schlieren photographs.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.751-757
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• 2001

An experimental study of impinging jet-flow structure has been carried out for a fully developed single circular jet impingement cooling on a flat plate, and the effect of the wall thickness at nozzle exit edge is investigated. Impinging jet flow structures have been measured by Laser-Doppler Velocimeter to interpret the heat transfer results presented previously by Yoon et al.(sup)(10) The peaks of heat transfer rate are observed near the nozzle edge owing to the radial acceleration of jet flow when the nozzle locates close to the impingement plate. The growth of the velocity fluctuations in the wall jet flow is induced by the vortices which originate in the jet shear layer, and consequently the radial distribution of local Nusselt numbers has a secondary peak at the certain radial position. As a wall of circular pipe nozzle becomes thicker for small nozzle-to-target distance, the entrainment can be inhibited, consequently, the acceleration of wall jet flow is reduced and the heat transfer rate decreases.