• Wind and Structures
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.463-479
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• 2007

A series of wind tunnel sectional model dynamic tests of a twin-deck bridge were conducted at the CLP Power Wind/Wave Tunnel Facility (WWTF) of The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) to investigate the effects of gap-width on the self-excited vibrations and the dynamic and aerodynamic characteristics of the bridge. Five 2.9 m long models with different gap-widths were fabricated and suspended in the wind tunnel to simulate a two-degrees-of-freedom (2DOF) bridge dynamic system, free to vibrate in both vertical and torsional directions. The mass, vertical frequency, and the torsional-to-vertical frequency ratio of the 2DOF systems were fixed to emphasize the effects of gap-width. A free-vibration test methodology was employed and the Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA) was utilized to extract the eight flutter derivatives and the modal parameters from the coupled free-decay responses. The results of the zero gap-width configuration were in reasonable agreement with the theoretical values for an ideal thin flat plate in smooth flow and the published results of models with similar cross-sections, thus validating the experimental and analytical techniques utilized in this study. The methodology was further verified by the comparison between the measured and predicted free-decay responses. A comparison of results for different gap-widths revealed that variations of the gap-width mainly affect the torsional damping property, and that the configurations with greater gap-widths show a higher torsional damping ratio and hence stronger aerodynamic stability of the bridge.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.413-424
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• 2009

A series of wind tunnel free-decay sectional model dynamic tests were conducted to examine the effects of torsional-to-vertical natural frequency ratio of 2DOF bridge dynamic systems on the aerodynamic and dynamic properties of bridge decks. The natural frequency ratios tested were around 2.2:1 and 1.2:1 respectively, with the fundamental vertical natural frequency of the system held constant for all the tests. Three 2.9 m long twin-deck bridge sectional models, with a zero, 16% (intermediate gap) and 35% (large gap) gap-to-width ratio, respectively, were tested to determine whether the effects of frequency ratio are dependent on bridge deck cross-section shapes. The results of wind tunnel tests suggest that for the model with a zero gap-width, a model to approximate a thin flat plate, the flutter derivatives, and consequently the aerodynamic forces, are relatively independent of the torsional-to-vertical frequency ratio for a relatively large range of reduced wind velocities, while for the models with an intermediate gap-width (around 16%) and a large gap-width (around 35%), some of the flutter derivatives, and therefore the aerodynamic forces, are evidently dependent on the frequency ratio for most of the tested reduced velocities. A comparison of the modal damping ratios also suggests that the torsional damping ratio is much more sensitive to the frequency ratio, especially for the two models with nonzero gap (16% and 35% gap-width). The test results clearly show that the effects of the frequency ratio on the flutter derivatives and the aerodynamic forces were dependent on the aerodynamic cross-section shape of the bridge deck.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.799-812
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• 2017

쉴드 TBM 터널에 대한 2차원 수치해석 시 기존 연구에서는 뒤채움재 및 실제적인 내공변위 분포를 적절히 고려하지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이를 보완하고자 gap parameter 적용 시 굴착면에서 발생하는 실제적인 내공변위분포를 고려하고, 적정한 뒤채움재 물성치를 적용한 모델링 방법을 제시하였다. 이를 위해 단일층 풍화토 지반을 대상으로 gap parameter와 토피고가 굴착면의 지반손실량과 지표손실량으로 구성되는 체적손실량에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 그 결과 대부분의 지표침하가 굴착 직후에 발생하였으며, 토피고 및 gap parameter가 증가할수록 수치해석을 통해 얻은 지표침하곡선의 영향범위가 제안된 이론식보다 넓게 나타났다. 따라서 2차원 수치해석 시 쉴드 TBM 터널의 거동을 정확히 평가하기 위해서는 하중분담률을 이용하여 gap parameter를 적용하고, 뒤채움재의 물성치도 적절히 고려해야 한다고 판단된다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.1343-1349
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• 2010

This paper presents the behavior of the soil based on the Gap Parameter during the Shield TBM tunnel excavation in sandy soil. This study reproduced the tunnel before and after the excavation according to the diameter of the tunnel, water ratio and depth to execute a Scaled Model Test and analyzed the behavior change of the upper soil. As a result, tunneling after for soil stress decreased was similar in all the Case. In addition, the soil stress decreased was in water ratio increases.

• Journal of Ship and Ocean Technology
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.20-31
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• 2008

Development of rudder gap flow blocking device for lift augmentation and cavitation suppression is presented. In order to verify the performance of this device, cavitation visualization and surface pressure measurements were carried out in a cavitation tunnel. Numerical simulations were conducted using a computational fluid dynamics code for more rigorous verification. The new rudder system is equipped with cam devices, which effectively close the gap between the horn/pintle and movable wing parts. The experimental and computational results show that the proposed rudder system is superior to the conventional rudder systems in terms of the lift augmentation and cavitation suppression.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.69-82
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• 2014

Flow around a small white fir tree was investigated with varying the length of the bottom trunk (hereafter referred to as bottom gap). The velocity fields around the tree, which was placed in a closed-type wind tunnel test section, were quantitatively measured using particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. Three different flow regions are observed behind the tree due to the bottom gap effect. Each flow region exhibits a different flow structure as a function of the bottom gap ratio. Depending on the gap ratio, the aerodynamic porosity of the tree changes and the different turbulence structure is induced. As the gap ratio increases, the maximum turbulence intensity is increased as well. However, the location of the local maximum turbulence intensity is nearly invariant. These changes in the flow and turbulence structures around a tree due to the bottom gap variation significantly affect the shelter effect of the tree. The wind-speed reduction is increased and the height of the maximum wind-speed reduction is decreased, as the gap ratio decreases.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.614-621
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• 2007

The fishing boat propulsion system employing the modified stern shape and the tunnel to protect a propeller is developed to increase the cruise speed and reduce he problem resulting from the open propeller accidentally catching the waste net and able on the sea. Using 3 different tunnel types, the model test was performed in the circular water channel and the panel method based on the potential theory is applied to analyze the open water performance of the propeller. In the numerical analysis using he potential-based panel method, it calculates the hydrodynamic interaction between the propeller and the tunnel and evaluates the effect of the tunnel geometry. From the numerical and experimental results differing tunnel geometries, the propulsion efficiency is increased by the larger diameter of the inlet than the outlet of the tunnel and the smaller gap between the propeller tip and the tunnel internal surface. These results provide the information of the propeller system with the tunnel and the hydrodynamic interaction between the propeller and the tunnel.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2008년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.9
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• pp.189-190
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• 2008

The electrical characteristics of band-gap engineered tunneling barriers consisting of thin $SiO_2$ and $Si_3N_4$ dielectric layers were investigated. The band structure of stacked tunneling barriers was studied and the effectiveness of these tunneling barriers was compared with that of the conventional tunneling barrier. The band-gap engineered tunneling barriers show the lower operation voltage, faster speed and longer retention time than the conventional $SiO_2$ tunnel barrier. The thickness of each $SiO_2$ and $Si_3N_4$ layer was optimized to improve the performance of non-volatile memory.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.631-635
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• 2001

The major problems associated with the manufacturing processes of the microaccelerometer based on the tunneling current concept is the residual stress. This paper deals with finite element analysis of residual stress causing pop up phenomenon which are induced in micromachining processes for a microaccelerometers sensor using silicon on insulator(SOI) wafer. After heating the tunnel gap up to $100^{\circ}C$and get it through cooling process and the additional beam up to $80^{\circ}C$get it through the cooling process. We learn the residual stress of each shape and compare the results with each other, after heating the tunnel gap up to $400^{\circ}Cduring$ the Pt deposition process. The equivalent stresses produced during the heating process of focused ion beam(FIB) cut was also to be about $0.02~0.25Pa/^{\circ}C$and cooling process the gradient of residual stresses of about $8.4\{times}10^2Pa/{\mu}m$ still at cantilever beam and connected part of paddle. We want to seek after the real cause of this pop up phenomenon and diminish this by change manufacturing processes of microaccelerometer sensors.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.1003-1013
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• 2009

국내 환경의 경우, 산악 지형이 많은 지형적 특성상 수많은 터널이 존재한다. 터널은 무선 채널 환경 중 대표적인 음영지역으로서 실외 및 실내 환경의 무선 채널과는 다른 특성을 갖기 때문에 터널 환경에서의 안정된 서비스 품질을 확보하기 위해서는 전파 채널의 특성 연구가 필요하다. 특히 위성을 이용한 이동 서비스를 위해서는 터널에 의한 음영지역에서의 정상적인 위성 신호 수신이 필요하며, 이를 위해 Gap-Filler라고 하는 지상 중계기를 운영하게 되는데 이를 이용하기 위해서는 터널 환경에서의 전파전파 특성 분석을 바탕으로 한 Gap Filling 방법 연구가 필수적이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 음영 지역에서의 정상적인 위성 신호 수신을 위하여 터널 환경에서의 ISM 대역의 전파전파 특성을 분석하고, 이를 바탕으로 효율적인 Gap Filling 방법에 대한 연구를 수행하였다.