• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 2012

The tributary water quality and flowrate monitoring result, which is fundamental data for the establishment of the water environmental policy, is used as very important data for the implementation of TMDL. This study introduced how to use the tributary water quality and flowrate monitoring data for the analysis of the watersheds, the satisfactory assessment of water quality standards in the watersheds, the selection of watersheds for the establishment of the implementation plan, and the selection of the tributary catchments for improving the water quality using a stream grouping method. According to the analytical results of tributary catchment using water quality and flowrate monitoring data of thirty-seven tributaries in the Geum-River watershed at Chungcheongnam-do, the value of flowrate in the tributaries, which is located in the middle-lower Geum-River watershed, was greater than the other areas and the concentration of the water pollutants regardless of water quality parameters in the tributaries at Nonsancheon catchment was relatively higher than the other areas. The problems, which have the determination of satisfaction of water quality standards and selection of target watersheds for establishment of the implementation plan regardless of the water quality of tributary in the watershed due to the water quality and flowrate monitoring results of the main river, were improved use of the results of tributary water quality and flowrate monitoring. Also, the tributary catchments for improving the water quality, according to stream grouping method based on the results of tributary water quality and flowrate monitoring, were selected. In the Geum-River watershed at Chungcheongnam-do, the tributary in the Nonsancheon, Byeongcheoncheon, Seokseongcheon, Jocheon catchments, which has a large flow and a high concentration of water pollutants, should be preferentially selected for improving the water quality of the tributary in accordance with the reduction of the source of pollution.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.63-79
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• 2008

Physicochemical characteristics of stream water, leachate, mine water and groundwater were investigated to estimate the influences of the tailing and waste rock from the abandoned Uljin mine area. Total extraction analysis and mineralogical studies were carried out to understand sulfide weathering and to determine the distributions of trace elements in the soil affected by mine waste (tailing, waste rock and leachate). The pH and EC value of the leachate from the tailing disposal ranged 2.9-6.0, $99{\sim}3,990{\mu}S/cm$, respectively, and the concentrations of dissolved major (up to 492 mg/l Ca; 83.8 mg/l Mg; 45.2 mg/l Na; 44.7 mg/l K, 50.8 mg/l Si) and trace elements (up to $826,060{\mu}g/l$ Fe; $131,230{\mu}g/l$ Mn; $333,600{\mu}g/l$ Al; $61,340{\mu}g/l$ Zn; $2,530{\mu}g/l$ Cu; $573{\mu}g/l$ Cd; $476{\mu}g/l$ Pb) were relatively high. The stream water showed the variation of dissolved metal concentrations in seasonally and spatially. The dissolved metal contents of the stream water increased by influx the leachate from the tailing disposal, but these of the down stream have been considerably decreased by mixing of dilute tributaries. The dissolved metal concentrations of the stream water at dry season (as February) were lower than these at rainy season (as May and July). These represent that the amounts of the leachate varied with season. However, stream water could not be effectively diluted by confluence with uncontaminated tributaries, because the flux of tributaries and streams reduced at dry season. Thus attenuations by dilution had been dominantly happened in rainy seasons. The order of accumulations of trace element in soils compared with background values revealed Mn>Fe>Pb>Cu>Zn. Sulfide minerals were mainly pyrrhotite, sphalerite and galena and chalcopyrite. Pyrrhotite was rapidly weathered along the edge and fractures, and results in the formation of Fe-(oxy)hydroxides, which absorbed a little amount of Zn.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate natural distribution of aquatic plane and to find out natural aquatic plants which highly absorb nutrient N and P. We surveyed vegetation within ${\pm}2m$ from streamside in 12 tributaries of the West Nakdong river watershed during May to October in 2003. Hydrophytes surveyed in tributaries of the West Nakdong river watershed were 27 families, 61 genera, 76 species, 3 varieties. Major dominance species of aquatic plants were Z. latifolia, P. communis, P. thunbergii, P. arundinacea, P. japonica, and P. distichum var. indutum. Aquatic plants having high production ability of biomass were Z. latifolia, P. communis, P. arundinacea, P. japonica, and E. crus-galli var. echinata. In the vertical distribution of hydrophytes within streams, dominant species were P. thunbergii and P. japonica in the upper stream, but dominant species in the downstream were P. communis and Z. latifolia. Species diversity or aquatic, plants was reduced, but their biomass and nutrient (T-N and T-P) content per the natural area unit $(m^2)$ were increased in the downsteaam. Nutrient N and P content of aquatic plants per the natural area unit were high at Joman river, Pyeonggangcheon, Bulam drainage canal, and Hogyecheon. Fifty-seven species of aquatic plants having high biomass were grounped into 4 categories $(I{\sim}IV)$ according to their nutrient content per dry weight unit. I group $(T-N,\;\geqq20gkg^{-1}\;&\;P_2O_5,\;\geqq7gkg^{-1})$ was comprised of 3 submerged plants (H. verticillata, P. crispus, and C. demersum), e emergent plants (O. javanica, P. distichum var. indutum, and R. sceleratus), 1 suspended plant (T. japonica), and 1 riparian plant (A. lobatum). Otherwise, in classification of natural hydrophytes according to their nutrient content per natural area unit, Z. latifolia, P. communis, P. longiseta, P. arundinacea, and P. distichum var. indutum possessing great biomass productivity as emergent plants were included in I group $(T-N,\;\geqq1gm^{-2}\;&\;P_2O_5,\;\geqq0.7gm^{-2})$.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2007

This study was conducted to analyze the distribution patterns of wintering waterbird communities in relation to local environmental factors in the urban streams of Seoul, Korea. A field survey was conducted at 66 sites of 5 tributaries and the main channel of the Hangang River in Seoul in January 2006. The total of 65 species and 39,560 individuals were recorded in the field survey. There were 48 species and 28,989 individuals in the Hangang River, 14 species and 1,395 individuals in the Tancheon stream, 15 species and 2,306 individuals in the Jungrangcheon stream, 22 species and 5,990 individuals in the Anyangcheon, 18 species and 283 individuals in the Changrungcheon stream, and 24 species and 597 individuals in Gokrungcheon stream. The dominant species were Anas platyrhynchos (22.65%), A. poecilorhyncha (14.01%), Aythya ferina (13.26%), Aythya fuligula (8.04%), and Mergus merganser (7.03%). Among the 16 species (with 30,650 individuals) of ducks, the dabbling and diving ducks were 8 species with 18,286 individuals and 8 species with 12,364 individuals, respectively. Through the principal component analysis, the study sites were classified into four main groups according to the similarity of their waterbirds' species compositions: 3 tributaries in the urban area (Group 1), 2 tributaries in the rural area (Group 2), one in the rural area, one in the urban area, the urban area in Hangang River (Group 3) and the main channel of the Hangang River in the urban area (Group 4). Species diversity index and species evenness were the highest in Group 1, while the lowest Group 2. Analysis on their environmental factors showed that the waterbirds wintering in urban streams of Seoul prefer broad water width, low water depth and broad resting sites.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.243-250
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Recently, the use of $^{131}I$ for diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer has been increasing, and the radionuclide is continuously released into aquatic ecosystem. This study was carried out to investigate the $^{131}I$ concentrations in mainstreams, tributaries, and sewage wastewater treatment plants (SWTPs) of the Yeongsan River Basin and to identify their origins from the assessment of behaviors in the rivers. METHODS AND RESULTS: The water samples were collected from 19 sites including mainstreams (13), tributaries (4) and SWTPs (2). The $^{131}I$ concentration was measured using a gamma-ray spectrometry with a HPGe detector. The $^{131}I$ in SWTPs was detected mostly in the discharged effluent at the sampling sites. However, from the surface water of the rivers, $^{131}I$ was found only at two sites from each sampling period of the first (MS4 and MS10) and the second half (MS4 and MS7) of the year 2017. The concentrations of $^{131}I$ in the effluent discharged from SWTPs were in the range of 0.0870 to 3.87 Bq/L for SWTP1, and $^{131}I$ in the river revealed that it was not detected in the upper streams of the mainstreams and tributaries, while continuous detection was found in the SWTPs and downstream sites affected by the effluent. However, the concentration of $^{131}I$ decreased downstream, eventually becoming undetectable. Such behavior was closely related to the behavior found in the SWTPs. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that medically-derived $^{131}I$ was discharged to the river via sewage effluent at the SWTPs. It is necessary to evaluate the influence of aquatic ecosystems through continuous monitoring in the future.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.171-181
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• 2013

In this study, we report the water quality characteristics of pollutants for 4 major tributaries in the Yeongsan and Sumjin river basins using statistical analysis, such as regression equation and factor analysis. The flow rate and water qualtiy data collected from 4 sampling sites(Hwangryoung A, Jiseok A, Chooryeong A, Osu A) in the Yeonsan and Sumjin river basin during the past 3 years were analyzed for 11 parameters(flow rate, dissolved oxgen, pH, water temperature, electric conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen deman, total organic carbon, total nitorgen, total phosphorus, suspended solid). The results showed that the concentrations of BOD, COD, TOC, T-N, T-P in Hwangryoung A(HW) and Jiseok A(JS) of the Yeongsan river basin were decreased as the flow rate was increased. This means that rather than nonpoint soources, point sources affect water quality. In the cases of Chooryeong A(CR) and Osu A(OS) in the Sumjin river basin, howerever, nonpoint sources than point sources are an important factor that affects the water quality. Also, the factor analysis technique was employed to analyze principal component influencing on water quality. The results revealed that the first principal component in HW was correlated with EC, DO, T-N, water temperature. This "nitrogen influx according to seasonal pattern" factor may be interpreted. In JS, the first principal component was correlated with BOD, COD, TOC and is likely to represent "organic matter" processes. In CR and OS, BOD, COD, TOC, SS and T-P were significantly correlated and is considered as representing "Organic matter and adsorption of phosphorus on sediments influx". This study is expected to contribute to the effective pollution control/management of the surfac waters in the study sites.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.45-53
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• 2013

The purpose of this thesis is to identify the gardening method of Mus${\bar{o}}$ Soseki by looking into his works. Through this research, life and religious values of Soseki were studied, which gave a better understanding of the garden architect as an individual and seeker of religious truth. Among his works, the most widely known-four ponds, Eiho-ji, Erin-ji, Saiho-ji and Tenryu-ji were studied. The research found that based on the Zen of Buddhism, Soseki symbolized various philosophical ideas into space structures. In addition, through two gardening components, stone buildings and tributaries, he specifically materialized related themes. An absolute religious aesthetics of the creator could be found in the stone buildings that expresses the world of Buddhism and the Chinese letter 'Sim'(heart)-shaped tributaries. By experimenting new method away from a Chinese-style Japanese garden which was widely popular during his time, Soseki devised a garden as residential quarters of a high priest that can be set aside entirely for Zen-study, which became to represent Japanese garden style. If Soseki's gardening method had not been adopted, Japanese gardens could not have been developed as a personal garden that contains symbolic concepts. Unfortunately, in this study, to think of another Zen monk and Mus${\bar{o}}$ Soseki did not study is to compare. also the study on how another Zen monk and Mus${\bar{o}}$ Soseki's compare has to be continued.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.205-217
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• 2017

Fauna of freshwater fish and community structure were investigated at 24 stations in the Hoecheon Stream and some adjacent tributaries of the Nakdonggang River, Korea from July 2016 to August 2017. During the period 42 species and 4 types belonging to 32 genera and 11 families were collected. In this collection fishes of Cyprinidae were 24 species and 4 types, most numerous possessing 59.1% of all. There were 16 Korean endemic species including Acheilognathus yamatsutae and Odontobutis platycephala, 3 endangered species such as Pseudobagrus brevicorpus and Koreocobitis naktongensis (rank I) and Culter brevicauda (rank II) and 2 exotic species such as Micropterus salmoides and Lepomis macrochirus. Fish species transferred from other native rivers were 4 species including Opsariichthys uncirostris amurensis, Hemiculter eigenmanni, Odontobutis interrupta and Tridentiger brevispinis. Dominant species was Zacco koreanus NS type (19.2%) and sub-dominant species was Z. platypus R type (16.1%). The structure of fish community in the Hoecheon Stream was very stable and diverse in having diversity 2.91, evenness 0.77, dominance 0.35 and species richness 4.67. Fish community was divided into 4 groups such as upper, middle, midlower and lower reach group based on similarity among surveyed stations.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.369-375
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• 2016

This survey was conducted during March to April 2014 in the main stream and tributaries of Xe Pian and Xe Namnoy in order to investigate fish fauna in the Bolaven Plateau. Fish belonging to twenty eight species and eight families were collected from the main stream and tributaries of Xe Namnoy and Xe Pian during the survey period. Among them, Devario salmonatus, Poropuntius bolovenensis, Annamia sp., Sewellia elongata, Schistura bolavenensis, Schistura sp.1, Schistura sp.2, Schistura sp.3, Schistura sp.4, and Macronathus sp. were endemic species in the Bolaven Plateau, indicating a high prevalence rate of endemic species (35.7%) in the area. Meanwhile, Kottelat (2000, 2013) has been reported that four species of Poropuntius inhabit the Bolaven Plateau. However, the major morphic characteristics of Poropuntius species found in the Bolaven Plateau were mostly overlapped, except for the shape of their mouth. The young fish of Poropuntius (> 70 mm SL) have only generalized mouth while the of adult fish the shape of their mouth have two phenotype (narrow and broad). Therefore, it is assumed that Poropuntius species in the Bolaven Plateau has trophic polymorphism as the same species exhibits two different mouth shapes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1993

The water quality at Seomjin River stream was surveyed at 8 sites of main stream and 4 sites of tributaries for 6 months from April to September in 1989. The overall results are summarized as follows: 1. Do concentration of main stream ranged from 7.5 to 9.0 ppm. 2. The average $No_3-N$ content of main stream was increased to 3.86 ppm at June, thereafter it was decreased by dilution with rainwater. 3. The water quality of Seomjin River stream was suitable for the irrigation source with the exception of site 8 where the contents of EC, $Cl^-$ and $SO_4\;^{2-}$ were very high according to the influence of sea water. 4. In the influence of tributaries on changes of the water quality along the Seomjin River, the water quality of main stream was deteriorated with inflow of Osu-cheon and Yo-cheon in the middle stream, but thereafter it was recovered with inflow of Boseong River and Hwangjeon-cheon. 5. The Yo-cheon was rapidly polluted by the sewage of Namweon city, that is, contents of COD and $NO_3-N$ were incresed from 0.97 to 7.10 ppm and from 1.86 to 3.11 ppm respectively.