• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.453-463
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• 2007

Terzaghi's tunnel pressure theory is generally used to estimate primary design pressures on tunnel support for shield and urban NATM tunnels until now. A trial is made in this paper to investigate the interaction between the ground deformation behavior and Terzaghi's tunnel pressure, which assumes pound's limit (or critical) state, by considering results of 'Terzaghi's tunnel pressure theory. two-dimensional reduced-scale model tunnel tests and nonlinear numerical analysis based on strain softening modeling. A full understanding between tunnel pressure and ground deformation behavior under the tunnel excavation and an effective utilization of this interaction lead to an economical tunnel support design and a safe construction of tunnel.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 2013

This research aims to make the general plan for the preservation and practical use about Junkyung and Youngkyung tombs at Samcheok. The general plan is classified according to three large territories. First, it is necessary for these two tombs to preserve territories and strengthen the historical identity in order to restore the spoiled building such as Subokbang and Surabang by verification and excavation. Second, to preserve the nature and environment of territories surrounding the two tombs is essential for the extension of the essence about these cultural heritage to improve the familiarity and effective utilization by trial programs, which are related to the historical background of the tombs and so forth. Third, supporting and making convenient facilities in the neighborhood near cultural assets is required to install public parks and parking lots for visitors. Additionally, it is needed to advertise successively about these two tombs as the beginning of Chosun Dynasty tombs Also, it is necessary to consider implementing programs because Junkyung and Youngkyung tombs along with Chosun royal tombs in the north of Korea might be designated as World Culture Heritage if Korea should be a unified nation.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 2011

The recycled asphalt concrete has gotten increasing attention due to the environmental issues. The volume of reclaimed asphalt has increased significantly for last few years because of city remodeling, pavement maintenance, utility excavation, and road widening. Considering the value of reclaimed asphalt, it is rather used for the recycled asphalt concrete than it is used for fill and cover up material instead of soil. This research will be a supplements incomplete issues from existing research results and suggests the quality control guideline for recycled asphalt concrete and upcoming laws. As the first step of research, the trial construction of RAP(Recycled Asphalt Pavement) performed in expressway construction sites. These trial construction sites have been checked every years. And another construction sites studied and selected for more deeper performance check of RAP. For this checks, we used automatic pavement survey equipment and computerized analysis tools. Also, DSR(Dynamic Shear Rheometer) was used for the fatigue life calculation of binder blends(RAP and virgin binder). As a consequence of this research, the application of recycled asphalt provides good enough quality for highway construction. The preceeding literatures reviewed shows that the asphalt rejuvenator are used in many countries but that type of chemical agent are not used in Korea. By using the data of trial construction and mix design in Chongwon-Sangju construction lane, the surface and base courses consisted with the 10% and 30% rap mix asphalt section maintains good performance for up to 7 years. Through the performance check and laboratory tests(DSR), the quality control and mixture's low temperature prevention are the important factor and chemical agent necessary for increasing the fatigue life of RAP binder.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.41-49
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• 2004

In this study, a newly modified soil nailing technology named as the SPN (Spiral Pipe Nailing) system, is developed to self drilling method can apply to ground which is hard to keep shape of bore hole. And limit equilibrium analysis with simplified trial wedge method while length ratio and bond ratio being altered was performed to evaluate slope stability considered of tensile strength and bending stiffness. Also, using $FLAC^{2D}$ program, superiority of the SPN system was compared to the GSN (General Soil Nailing) system about an example section. And effects of various factors related to the design of the SPN system, such as the type of drilling method and the bit, are examined throughout a series of the displacement-controlled field pull-out tests. As a result, the SPN system is better than the GSN system in slope stability because of having larger bending stiffness, tensile strength and unit skin friction. And results of simplified trial wedge method are similar to results of TALREN 97 program, commercial limit equilibrium analysis computer software, about an example section. Consequently, it will find out of that the SPN system reduce displacements and settlements in down excavation process as well as to increase the global stability.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.20-37
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• 2019

Three Inter-Korea summits and a North Korea-USA summit that were previously unexpected provide a basis for an optimistic outlook for the future development of Korean archaeology. While Korean archaeology has witnessed a great advance since the mid-20th century, it also exhibits significant weaknesses in explaining cultural changes in prehistory and the early historical period in the Korean Peninsula due to the paucity of information on archaeological evidence of North Korea. Recent development of favorable conditions for research and excavations of North Korean cultural heritage could be a valuable opportunity for Korean archaeology to overcome the current adversity. Especially, given the expected large-scale SOC industrial project in North Korea, we need to prepare for the systematic research and excavation of archaeological materials. The present essay attempts to provide a suggestion for the joint archaeological expeditions to excavate and manage cultural resources in North Korea based on a critical review of previous salvage excavations in South Korea, such as those conducted before the construction of the Korean rapid transit railway system (KTX). We suggest that professional archaeologists should be included in the project and oversee the planning and design of road and railway constructions and other SOC projects in order to minimize the cost of trial and error processes that were well exemplified by the KTX salvage excavations. The Korean Archaeological Society and North Korean Archaeological Society may organize a common association that will supervise joint archaeological expeditions. Importantly, The Korean Archaeological Society and other related institutions should prepare to build an organization that conducts impending archaeological excavation in North Korea. While we likely face challenges and difficulties during the various stages of archaeological research and excavations in North Korea, only through thorough and systematic preparation can we avoid the destruction of valuable cultural heritage and find an opportunity for the further development of Korean archaeology.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.469-475
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• 2022

As the recent structure construction is constructed as a large-scale and deep underground excavation in close proximity to the building, the installation of retaining wall and supporters (Struts) has become complicated, and the number of supporters to avoid interference of the structural slab has increased. This construction process becomes a factor that causes an increase in construction joints of a structure, leakage and an increase in wall cracks. In addition, this reduced the durability and workability of the structure and led to an increase in the construction period. This study planned to dismantle the two struts simultaneously as a plan to reduce the construction joints, and corrected the earth pressure by assuming the reaction force value by the initial earth pressure and the measured data as the response ratio. After recalculating the corrected earth pressure through the iterative trial method, it was verified by numerical analysis that simultaneous disassembly of the two struts was possible. As a result of numerical analysis applying the final corrected earth pressure, the measured value for the design reaction force was found to be up to 197%. It was analyzed that this was due to the effect of grouting on the ground and some underestimation of the ground characteristics during design. Based on the result of calculating the corrected earth pressure in consideration of the response ratio performed in this study, it was proved analytically that the improvement of the brace dismantling process is possible. In addition, it was considered that the overall construction period could be shortened by reducing cracks due to leakage and improving workability by reducing construction joints. However, to apply the proposed method of this study, it is judged that sufficient estimations are necessary as there are differences in ground conditions, temporary facilities, and reinforcement methods for each site.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.246-259
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• 2021

Research has been conducted in various fields on a local fortress (eupseong) in the Joseon Dynasty, but the archaeological research on the prison (獄), which is part of the internal government, has not been conducted properly. Since the prison was first discovered in Gyeongju in 1997, there has been a necessity for research on the deployment and structure of the prison. This includes the office where jailers worked and had night duty and also the enclosure that keeps the prisoners inside. But the research came to a standstill because there was no comparative data. However, compared to the more recent findings of the Yeonil Prison and the Gonju Prison, we can identify that the structure was built during the early to the late Joseon Dynasty. King Sejong designed the standard prison blueprint called Anokdo (犴獄圖) in 1426 to manage prisoners nationwide and revised it once in 1439 to give better treatment during the winter and summer seasons. The Yeonil Prison operated from 1421 to 1743 and shows the structure of the prisons during the early to mid-Joseon period. It was very similar to the Gyeongju Prison on a smaller scale, which was operated until the late Joseon Dynasty with two main structures, one east and one west, and a circular fence. This structure was maintained even in the Gongju Prison during the late Joseon Dynasty, and it remains visible in photographs. The prison of the Joseon Dynasty had a circular fence with an estimated height of 3 meters and two buildings that separated male and female prisoners. The prison was divided into men on the east and women on the west with tile-roofed house structures that were difficult to escape. In front of the circular fence, there was an office with a thatched roof for the jailers and access to the prison was only possible through a double prison gate. The layout of the building reflects the improvements of the king's prison design made during Joseon Dynasty improving the environment of prisoners who are on trial and separating men and women in order to embody humanism.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.144-179
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• 2010

Investigation into iron manufacture relics has been active since 1970s, especially accelerated in 1990s across the country. Consideration of the importance of production site relics has lately attracted attention to iron manufacture relics. Methodological studies of the investigation into iron manufacture relics, however, were less made compared with those of the investigation into tomb, dwelling, or swampy place relics. It is because the process of iron manufacture is too complicated to understand and also requires professional knowledge of metal engineering. With the recognition of these problems this research is to form an opinion about how to excavate, to rearrange and classify, and to examine iron manufacture relics, based upon the understanding of the nature of iron, iron production process, and metal engineering features of related relics like slag, iron lumps and so on. This research classifies iron manufacture relics into seven types according to the production process; mining, smelting, refining, tempering, melting, steelmaking, and the others. Then it arranges methods to survey in each stage of field study, trial digging, and excavation. It also explains how to classify and examine excavated relics, what field of natural science to be used to know the features of relics, and what efforts have been made to reconstruct a furnace and what their problems were, making the best use of examples, drawings, and photos. It comes to the conclusion, in spite of the lack of in-depth discussion on application and development of various investigation methods, that iron manufacture relics can be classified according to the production process, that natural sciences should be applied to get comprehensive understanding of relics as well as archeological knowledge, and that efforts to reconstruct a furnace should be continued from the aspect of experimental archeology.