• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 2021

Type I Interferons (IFNα) are known for their role as biological anticancer agents owing to their cell-apoptosis inducing properties. Development of an appropriate, cost-effective host expression system is crucial for meeting the increasing demand for proteins. Therefore, this study aims to develop codon-optimized IFNα-2b in L. lactis NZ3900. These cells express extracellular protein using the NICE system and Usp₄₅ signal peptide. To validate the mature form of the expressed protein, the recombinant IFNα-2b was screened in a human colorectal cancer cell line using the cytotoxicity assay. The IFNα-2b was successfully cloned into the pNZ8148 vector, thereby generating recombinant L. lactis pNZ8148-SP_Usp45-IFNα-2b. The computational analysis of codon-optimized IFNα-2b revealed no mutation and amino acid changes; additionally, the codon-optimized IFNα-2b showed 100% similarity with native human IFNα-2b, in the BLAST analysis. The partial size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of extracellular protein yielded a 19 kDa protein, which was further confirmed by its positive binding to anti-IFNα-2b in the western blot analysis. The crude protein and SEC-purified partial fraction showed IC₅₀ values of 33.22 ㎍/ml and 127.2 ㎍/ml, respectively, which indicated better activity than the metabolites of L. lactis NZ3900 (231.8 ㎍/ml). These values were also comparable with those of the regular anticancer drug tamoxifen (105.5 ㎍/ml). These results demonstrated L. lactis as a promising host system that functions by utilizing the pNZ8148 NICE system. Meanwhile, codon-optimized usage of the inserted gene increased the optimal protein expression levels, which could be beneficial for its large-scale production. Taken together, the recombinant L. lactis IFNα-2b is a potential alternative treatment for colorectal cancer. Furthermore, its activity was analyzed in the WiDr cell line, to assess its colorectal anticancer activities in vivo.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.188-196
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate pediatric emergency department visits patterns and characteristics of children and adolescents under the age of 20 in South Korea from 2002 to 2015 due to dental conditions. This study used a stratified sample of approximately 1 million people from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service Database. The age, region, household income, and treatment cost were included for the patient characteristic analysis. Pediatric patients were compared to the adult group (over 20 years old). In children and adolescents, the rate of emergency department visits due to dental conditions was higher for traumatic conditions than for non-traumatic conditions. Children and adolescents with higher household income visited the emergency department more often than those with lower household income. The region with the highest number of children and adolescents visiting the emergency department for dental conditions was Busan (per 100,000 population). Although this study could not confirm the annual trend of children and adolescents' dental emergency visits due to the sample size limitation, the characteristics of children and adolescents' dental emergency visits were compared with those of adults using a stratified sample.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.454-462
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• 2023

Flash lamp annealing (FLA) of metal nanoparticle (NP) ink has provided powerful strategies to fabricate high-performance electrodes on a flexible substrate because of its rapid processing capability (in milliseconds), low-temperature process, and compatibility with to roll-to-roll process. However, metal NPs [e.g., gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), etc.] have limitations such as difficulty in synthesizing fine metal NPs (diameter less than 10 nm), high price, and degradation during ink storage and FLA processing. In this regard, organometallic ink has been proposed as a material that can replace metal NPs due to their low-cost (usually 1/100 times cheaper than metal nano inks), low-temperature processability, and high material stability. Despite these advantages, the fabrication of flexible electrodes through FLA treatment of organometallic compounds has not been extensively researched. In this paper, we experimentally guide how to determine the optimal conditions for forming electrodes on flexible substrates by considering material parameters, and flashlight processing parameters (energy density, pulse duration, etc) to minimize the difficulties that may arise during the FLA of organometallic ink.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.8
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• pp.2935-2940
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• 2023

A polystyrene phantom was developed following the guidance of the International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA) for gamma knife (GK) quality assurance. Its performance was assessed by measuring the absorbed dose rate to water and dose distributions. The phantom was made of polystyrene, which has an electron density (1.0156) similar to that of water. The phantom included one outer phantom and four inner phantoms. Two inner phantoms held PTW T31010 and Exradin A16 ion chambers. One inner phantom held a film in the XY plane of the Leksell coordinate system, and another inner phantom held a film in the YZ or ZX planes. The absorbed dose rate to water and beam profiles of the machine-specific reference (msr) field, namely, the 16 mm collimator field of a GK Perfexion^TM or Icon^TM, were measured at seven GK sites. The measured results were compared to those of an IAEA-recommended solid water (SW) phantom. The radius of the polystyrene phantom was determined to be 7.88 cm by converting the electron density of the plastic, considering a water depth of 8 g/cm². The absorbed dose rates to water measured in both phantoms differed from the treatment planning program by less than 1.1%. Before msr correction, the PTW T31010 dose rates (PTW Freiberg GmbH, New York, NY, USA) in the polystyrene phantom were 0.70 (0.29)% higher on average than those in the SW phantom. The Exradin A16 (Standard Imaging, Middleton, WI, USA) dose rates were 0.76 (0.32)% higher in the polystyrene phantom. After msr correction factors were applied, there were no statistically significant differences in the A16 dose rates measured in the two phantoms; however, the T31010 dose rates were 0.72 (0.29)% higher in the polystyrene phantom. When the full widths at half maximum and penumbras of the msr field were compared, no significant differences between the two phantoms were observed, except for the penumbra in the Y-axis. However, the difference in the penumbra was smaller than variations among different sites. A polystyrene phantom developed for gamma knife dosimetry showed dosimetric performance comparable to that of a commercial SW phantom. In addition to its cost effectiveness, the polystyrene phantom removes air space around the detector. Additional simulations of the msr correction factors of the polystyrene phantom should be performed.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.321-337
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• 1997

Rapid change in the technological environment of marine transportation and the development of the ocean shipping industry have fostered a revolution in the port system. This in turn has caused major changes in the function and use of port in Korea. Aside from this. Mokpo Port, however continues to decline, because the existing port facilities and related subsystem are already obsolete with no chance of regaining operational effectiveness and treatment for proper implementation. Although a few studies have been done on the Mokpo Port, has not been found, any reseach for the analytical approach to the transportation system of it. This paper aims to make an extensive analysis of the physical distribution system in Mokpo Port focusing on the coordination of subsystems such as navigational aids system, quay handling and transfer system, storage system and inland transport system. The base of introduced simulation tool here is the queueing theory. The overall findings are as follows; 1. Among those vessels called at Mokpo Port in 1994, the average size of oceangoing vessels is 4,922.1 G/T, and the domestic is 317.8 G/T. The average arrival interval and service time of the domestic vessels are 6.0 hours and 24.1 hours respectively marking the berth occupation rate over 100%. Those for oceangoing vessels are 34.5 hours, 120.0 hours and 37.2%. In order to maintainin the berth occupation rate to 70% the capacity considering the 1994 of domestic piers must be extended to 145% and oceangoing vessels must be increased to 165% year called. 2. The capacity of approaching channel is enough to handle the total traffic volume. 3. Tugs are sufficiently being provided to handle all ships requiring their services 4. The capacity of storage and inland transportation systems are sufficient to handle the throughput and the yard stroage utilization rate of No.1 $\cdots$ No.5 is 4.5% and No.6 1S 30% of 1993's. 5. The utilization rate of LLc(Level Looping Crane) and PNT(PNeumaTic) are 2.7% and 18.8%, respectively. Practical solution and proposal for improvement of Transportation System in Mokpo Port are as follows; 1. To avoid the congestion in domestic pier introduction of a new port operation system is necessary allowing the domestic vessel to use the oceangoing pier. 2. To establish the port management information system to improve the efficiency of port operation. 3. To build a new storage system for high valued cargos including modernization of the present storage and handling system. 4. To insure the safety of navigation in approaching channel, The Vessel Traffic System including separation scheme is introduced. 5. To interest enormously on public relation to ship owner's association, shippers and consignees by showing that they can save cost and ship turnaround time in order to promote the call to Mokpo Port. At last, to be strategically change the function of Mokpo Port to the Leisure, Fishing & Ferry as well as Maritime port.

• Journal of Appropriate Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2019

Citarum river in West Java, Indonesia plays strategic roles for Jakarta metropolitan areas. Besides it provides major source of water supply such as domestics and drinking water including Jakarta, it also provides water for hundreds of industries through its cascade reservoirs. However, recently, Citarum river basin has been seriously suffering from water and groundwater pollution as well as the lowering-down of groundwater level due to the extreme use of water resources in dry season by domestic and industrial activities. This project objectives are design and installation of industrial wastewater treatment/recycle facilities to overcome the problem of water pollution and the lowering-down of groundwater level in Bandung. For these, cyclone type dissolved air flotation (DAF), CYFLOAT, was successfully installed as the appropriate technology for the target textile industry with 100 ton/day of capacity. The CYFLOAT system can remove the 96.8% of particulates, which are known as a critical factor to recycle the wastewater, within 40 min of residence time. Furthermore, The CYFLOAT system can reduce the operational cost and land use. The project was carried out in strong partnership with local institute including UNPAR, IBT, and PUSKIM for the sustainability of the technology to textile industry complex in Indonesia.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.293-301
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• 2019

Soft tissue masses of the extremities and torso are a common problem encountered by orthopaedic surgeons. Although these soft tissue masses are often benign, orthopaedic surgeons need to recognize the key features differentiating benign and malignant masses. An understanding of the epidemiology and clinical presentation of soft tissue masses is needed to develop a practical approach for evaluation and surgical management. Size and depth are the two most important factors on which triage decisions should be based. In a differential diagnosis of a tumor, it is important to know the characteristics of the soft tissue mass through detailed history taking and physical examinations before the diagnostic procedures. A variety of imaging studies, such as simple radiography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, computed tomography, bone scan, and angiography can be used to diagnose tumors. Know the ledge of advantages and disadvantages of each imaging study is essential for confirming the characteristics of the tumor that can be observed in the image. In particular, ultrasonography is convenient because it can be performed easily in an outpatient clinic and its cost is lower than other image studies. On the other hand, the accuracy of the test is affected by the skill of the examiner. A biopsy should be performed to confirm the tumor and be performed after all imaging studies have been done but before the final treatment of soft tissue tumors. When a biopsy is to be performed, careful attention to detail with respect to multidisciplinary coordination beforehand, cautious execution of the procedure to minimize complications, and expedient follow-up and referral to a musculoskeletal oncologist when appropriate, are essential.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.183-188
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of artificial insemination(AI) frequency on reproductive performance of sows. A total of 48 F1 sows(Yorkshire×Landrace) were allocated to 1 of 4 treatments using completely randomized design(CRD). Four experimental treatments were AI frequency from one to four times(AI1, AI2, AI3, AI4) respectively. Estrus detection was done at approximately 09:00 and 21:00 daily by applying back pressure to females with the presence of a mature boar and the weaning to estrus interval(WEI) of all sows were 5~6 day. Sows detected in estrus were mated at 12 hour after and mating interval was 12 hour by treatments. This experiment demonstrated that the lowest farrowing rate was observed AI3 treatment. Frequency of AI did not influence on reproductive performance when WEI was 5-6 day. No significant differences were observed on litter size, born alive and litter birth weight. Consequently, decreased AI frequency did not have any detrimental effect on reproductive performance when estrus detection was adequate. Decreased AI frequency could reduce cost of production of pigs when sows showed normal reproductive performance.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.108-122
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• 2023

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), are the causal agent of Fusarium wilt disease of tomato and banana, respectively, and cause significant yield losses worldwide. A cost-effective measure, such as biological control agents, was used as an alternative method to control these pathogens. Therefore, in this study, six isolates of the Streptomyces-like colony were isolated from soils and their antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic fungi and plant growth-promoting (PGP) activity were assessed. The results showed that these isolates could inhibit the mycelial growth of Fol and Foc. Among them, isolate STRM304 showed the highest percentage of mycelial growth reduction and broad-spectrum antagonistic activity against all tested fungi. In the pot experiment study, the culture filtrate of isolates STRM103 and STRM104 significantly decreased disease severity and symptoms in Fol inoculated plants. Similarly, the culture filtrate of the STRM304 isolate significantly reduced the severity of the disease and symptoms of the disease in Foc inoculated plants. The PGP activity test presents PGP activities, such as indole acetic acid production, phosphate solubilization, starch hydrolysis, lignin hydrolysis, and cellulase activity. Interestingly, the application of the culture filtrate from all isolates increased the percentage of tomato seed germination and stimulated the growth of tomato plants and banana seedlings, increasing the elongation of the shoot and the root and shoot and root weight compared to the control treatment. Therefore, the isolate STRM103 and STRM104, and STRM304 could be used as biocontrol and PGP agents for tomato and banana, respectively, in sustainable agriculture.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.25-32
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• 2023

In this study, a double wall system is introduced, which was invented to simplify the complicated manufacturing process of the existing precast concrete (PC) double wall systems and to remove defects such as laitance that may occur during the production of concrete panels. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the tensile resisting capacity of the steel tube which is embedded in the precast concrete panel to keep the spacing between PC panels and to prevent damage of the PC panels during transportation and casting concrete onsite. The experiment was planned to determine the detail of effective steel tube connection considering the steel plate treatment method according to the formation of the opening, the presence of embedded concrete, and the reinforcement welding for additional dowel action as key variables. As a result, the ultimate tensile strength increased by 20-30% compared to the control specimen (ST) except for the steel tube specimen (ST_CP) which has steel plates bent inward at the end part of the steel tube. Since the specimen (ST_CON) filled with concrete inside the control specimen has no additional process and cost for the steel tube connections compared to the control specimen during the production of the developed double wall system, it is determined to be the appropriate detail of steel tube connection.