• Computers and Concrete
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.725-736
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• 2017

This paper presents the two-, three-, and four-lane transverse reduction factor based on FEA method, probability theory, and the recently actual traffic flow data. A total of 72 composite girder bridges with various spans, number of lanes, loading mode, and bridge type are analyzed with time-varying static load FEA method by ANSYS, and the probability models of vehicle load effects at arbitrary-time point are developed. Based on these probability models, in accordance to the principle of the same exceeding probability, the multi-lane transverse reduction factor of these composite girder bridges and the relationship between the multi-lane transverse reduction factor and the span of bridge are determined. Finally, the multi-lane transverse reduction factor obtained is compared with those from AASHTO LRFD, BS5400, JTG D60 or Eurocode. The results show that the vehicle load effect at arbitrary-time point follows lognormal distribution. The two-, three-, and four-lane transverse reduction factors calculated by using FEA method and probability respectively range between 0.781 and 1.027, 0.616 and 0.795, 0.468 and 0.645. Furthermore, a correlation between the FEA and AASHTO LRFD, BS5400, JTG D60 or Eurocode transverse reduction factors is made for composite girder bridges. For the two-, three-, and four-lane bridge cases, the Eurocode code underestimated the FEA transverse reduction factors by 27%, 25% and 13%, respectively. This underestimation is more pronounced in short-span bridges. The AASHTO LRFD, BS5400 and JTG D60 codes overestimated the FEA transverse reduction factors. The FEA results highlight the importance of considering span length in determining the multi-lane transverse reduction factors when designing two-lane or more composite girder bridges. This paper will assist bridge engineers in quantifying the adjustment factors used in analyzing and designing multi-lane composite girder bridges.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.87-88
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• 2010

The strength and ductile capacity of reinforced concrete column can be improved by confinement using transverse reinforcement. Variety stress-strain models about the reinforced concrete confined by transverse reinforcement has been proposed. In this paper, parameters which effect to the ultimate confinement stress of circular cylinder confined by high strength transverse steel is examined. And the possion's ratio equation is proposed by analysis of strain between concrete and transverse reinforcement.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 1984

The transverse velocities of the gravitational lens system (galaxy plus a 'disturbing star') and their dependences on unkown properties of the source and the deflecting object are discussed. We have derived an analytic expression for the transverse velocity in terms of the velocities of the light source, the gravitational lensing galaxy and the 'disturbing star', and the observer. The results are then further applied to an estimate of the expectation value of the absolute transverse velocity and of the probable time scales of flux changes of the double QSO 0957+561A, B.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09b
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• pp.1146-1147
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• 2006

Diamond segments were fabricated by cold pressing and sintering under pressure at the temperature up to $750^{\circ}C$. Based on the results of this investigation, it can be concluded that the segments containing 39wt.% cobalt in the matrix material have the highest bending strength at a fracture probability of 50 % due to the weibull distribution method. According to the weibull statistics, it was also determined that the transverse rupture strength was the best for 39 wt.% cobalt ratio in the matrix material for the fracture probability when the other variables are the same.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.389-400
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• 2009

A compression lap splice can be calculated longer than a tension lap splice in high strength concrete according to current design codes. Including effects of transverse reinforcement, a compression splice becomes much longer than a tension splice. Effects of transverse reinforcement and bar size on strength and behavior of compression lap splice, which always exist in actual structures, have been investigated through experimental study of column tests with concrete strength of 40 and 60 MPa. The results of the tests with bar diameters of 22 and 29 mm show that there is no size effect of bar diameter on compression lap splice. Bond strength of small bar diameter may increase. However, large diameters of re-bars are used in compression member and the size effect of re-bars does not have to be considered in compression lap splice. Confined specimens have twice of calculated strengths by current design codes. New design equations for the compression lap splice including the effects of transverse reinforcement are required for practical purpose of ultra-high strength concrete. End bearing is enhanced by transverse reinforcement placed at ends of splice not by transverse reinforcement within splice length. As more transverse reinforcement are placed, the stresses developed by bond linearly increase. The transverse reinforcements at ends of splice a little improve the strength by bond. Because the stresses developed by bond in compression splice with transverse reinforcement are nearly identical to or less than those in tension splice with same transverse reinforcement, strength increment of compression splice is attributed to end bearing only.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.419-426
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• 2016

This study examined the effect of transverse reinforcement and compressive stress on the shear friction performance at the shear interface intersecting two structural elements with various concrete types. From the prepared 12 push-off test specimens, various characteristics at the interface were measured as follows: crack propagation, shear load-relative slip relationship, initial shear cracking strength, ultimate shear friction strength, and shear transfer capacity of transverse reinforcement. The configuration of transverse reinforcement and compressive strength of concrete insignificantly influenced the amount of relative slippage at the shear friction plane. With the increase of applied compressive stress, the shear friction capacity of concrete tended to increase proportionally, whereas the shear transfer capacity of transverse reinforcement decreased, which was insignificantly affected by the configuration type of transverse reinforcement. The empirical equations of AASHTO-LRFD and Mattock underestimate the shear friction strength of concrete, whereas Hwang and Yang model provides better reliability, indicating that the mean and standard deviation of the ratios between measured shear strengths and predictions are 1.02 and 0.23, respectively.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.257-267
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the stress distribution in the prestressed concrete pavement (PSCP) when the transverse post tensioning was applied. By performing the structural analyses using a finite element model of PSCP, the effect of anchor spacing and the relationship between the longitudinal and transverse post tensioning were evaluated. The analysis results showed that as the anchor spacing became smaller, the stresses were more uniformly distributed and the ranges of the stress losses were reduced; however, the economy should be considered. As the anchor spacing became larger, the difference between the average transverse stress and the transverse stresses at various locations such as shoulder, wheel pass, and center of the slab, increased. The transverse post tensioning induced the additional tensile forces in the longitudinal tendons, but the magnitude was negligibly small, and the longitudinal and transverse post tensioning could be designed independently. The use of the transverse stress distribution for the design of the post tensioning was also discussed in this paper.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.387-406
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• 2016

Confined transverse reinforcement was arranged in a plastic hinge region to resist the lateral load that increased the lateral confinement effect in the bridge substructure. Columns increased the seismic performance through securing stiffness and ductility. The calculation method of transverse reinforcements at plastic hinges is reported in the AASHTO-LRFD specification. This specification was only proposed for solid reinforced concrete (RC) columns. Therefore, if this specification is applied for another column as composite column besides the solid RC column, the column cannot be properly evaluated. The application of this specification is particularly limited for composite hollow RC columns. The composite hollow RC column consists of transverse, longitudinal reinforcements, cover concrete, core concrete, and an inner tube inserted in the hollow face. It increases the ductility, strength, and stiffness in composite hollow RC columns. This paper proposes a modified equation for economics and rational design through investigation of displacement ductility when applying the existing specifications at the composite hollow RC column. Moreover, a parametric study was performed to evaluate the detailed behavior. Using these results, a calculation method of economic transverse reinforcements is proposed.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2010

The palpation of spinous process and transverse process of vertebra are important part of the assesment and treatment from Orthopedic manual therapy. But the palpation area is descriptive differently each of literatures. So we generally got these outcomes. : There are C2, C3, C4 and C6 process as a bony landmarks and these are important part of establish the precise location of pain appears from cervical spine. Even though C7 process regard a prominent part, it is hard to distinguish C6 and process of T1. Thru that differentiation, grab the patient's forehead and try them cervical and hyper-extension check any movement of process or put on the fingers on C7 preocess and check the movement. The palpation of thoracic spine process is the land mark which determines general level orientation in the spine easily, there are T2, T7 spinous process. However, It is depends on how do you test the patient's arm when you palpate it and it can effect on spinous process. The transverse process of C1 is the only spot for palpation in cervical spine, and T1-3, T12 transverse process can palpate it when it stands on the process. The end of T4-6, T11 is placed on middle on vertebra of transverse process and transverse process. T7-9, T10 transverse process is place on same position as spinous process which is upper part of the spine.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.111-116
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the effects of horse riding simulator exercise on the thickness changes in the transverse abdominis in normal adults. Methods: Forty-five healthy adults were recruited and randomized to a horseback riding simulation exercise group (n=15), a sling exercise group (n=15), and a trunk stabilization exercise group (n=15). A horseback riding simulator offers the indoor experience of horseback riding and mimics the rhythmic movement of horseback riding, thereby provided a virtual environment, such as riding a real horse on the front screen. The velocity of the horse riding simulator exercise was regulated within the subject's ability to control the exercise on the horse riding simulator. A sling exercise group performed sling exercise under the inspection of the experimenter. In the trunk stabilization exercise group, the subjects were instructed to perform the exercise accurately and pause the session when pain occurred during the intervention. The subjects in each group carried out the interventions three times per week for six weeks. The thickness of the transverse abdominis was measured using a pressure biofeedback unit and the ultrasound. Results: Significant differences in the thickness of transverse abdominis within the groups were observed between before and after the interventions. On the other hand, there were no differences in the parameters among the groups. Conclusion: Horse riding simulator exercise can be an alternative to trunk stabilization exercise by increasing the thickness of the transverse abdominis in healthy adults.