• Title/Summary/Keyword: Transport Industry

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Study on the characteristics of Dormestic Illegal Whaling and Measures for Crackdown (국내 고래류 불법포획의 특징 및 단속방안 연구)

  • Yoon, Hyun-Kyoung;Kim, Jin-Sun;Kim, Sea-In;Kim, Jun-Soo;Choo, Min-Kyu
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.22 no.10
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    • pp.554-562
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    • 2022
  • Humans technological advancements have resulted in the depletion of whale resources. Accordingly, the International Whaling Commission was established to preserve whale resources and ensure the orderly development of the whaling industry. After a commercial whaling moratorium came into effect, the international trade of whale meat and related products was banned. However, There is a systematic activity through illegal remodeling ships because whales incidentally caught may be distributed in Korea and have a significant economic benefit. Although suspected illegal whaling is actively cracked down, but it is still insufficient to prevent illegal whaling and distribution. To prevent this, stereoscopic crackdowns utilizing air forces and patrol ships are effective, and it is necessary to quickly separate the captured ship and crew to prevent the destruction of evidence. For the transparent distribution of whale meat, it is necessary to advance related technologies such as whale species identification and individual identification of forensic science institutions based on whale DNA database of the National Institute of Fisheries Science. Accordingly, the Korea Coast Guard Research Center is directly conducting research on related national R&D project. To increase the efficiency of identifying whale-related evidence at crime scene, a rapid test kit that responds specifically to whale bloodstrains is developing and evidence transport packs are manufacturing and distributing, while identification technologies are also being advanced.

Legal Status and Major Issue of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) in International Law (자율운항선박의 국제법 지위와 주요쟁점에 관한 연구)

  • Chun, Jung-soo;Park, Han-seon
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.256-265
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    • 2021
  • Ground, sea and air mobility, such as vehicles, ships, and airplanes, are generally operated by people. Based on the innovative development of autonomous decision-making systems and artificial intelligence (AI) following the recent fourth industrial revolution, research and development on maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) is been actively performed around the world. Before the realization of the commercialization of MASS in international maritime transport, it is urgent to clarify the characteristics of this ship and its international legal status. This paper aims to analyze the concern of whether a ship without crew members will eventually be operated as a fully unmanned ship or can be recognized as a ship under international law as the number of crew members is gradually reduced owing to the development stage of autonomous ships. Consequently, based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the regulations of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), it was found that MASS has the same international legal status as general ships. In addition this paper presents the working principles of enacting and revising the IMO Conventions and international legal measures necessary for the safe operation of MASS.

Analysis of the Status of Shipping between North Korea and South Korea Ports using Vessel Arrival and Departure Data (선박입출항 데이터를 활용한 남북 항만 간 해상운송 현황 분석)

  • Lee, Sung-Woo;Shin, Sung-Ho
    • Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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    • v.36 no.4
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    • pp.53-74
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    • 2020
  • It is important to understand the current status and problems of the North Korean shipping industry to prepare for inter-Korean trade in the future era of peace in the Korean Peninsula. In this study, the status of vessels calling in North and South ports was analyzed by year, cargo type (vessel type), and North Korean port type using Port-MIS data. In particular, considering the three years (2006-2008) in which inter-Korean trade was the most active, the flow of maritime transport was analyzed by visualizing data on vessels' arrival and departure in the North and South ports. Findings revealed that sea transportation between Haeju-Incheon was the most frequent, while the Haeju-Mokpo and Nampo-Incheon routes in the west coast area, and the Najin-Busan route in the east coast area were active. With reference to general cargo vessels, ports located on the west coast of Korea tended to operate between those located on the North coast of North Korea and on the east coast of South Korea. These results are expected to serve as a basis for establishing research and policies related to coastal shipping between the two Koreas in the future.

Analysis of Vehicle Selection Factors Using Energy Census (에너지총조사를 이용한 차량 선택 요인 분석)

  • Shin, Him Chul;Won, DooHwan
    • Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.291-317
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    • 2022
  • This study tried to analyze the factors affecting consumers' vehicle selection for the spread of eco-friendly vehicles. We used the energy census data for this purpose, and although the energy census collects useful information from a large number of samples, it has been limitedly used to create simple statistics in many cases. Based on 2,771 transport sector microdata from the 2017 Energy Census, we collected vehicle price, fuel efficiency, and number of vehicle models, which are alternative characteristic variables that change according to consumers' choice, and converted and analyzed data to enable conjoint analysis. The analysis results in two-folds. First, it was confirmed that the official fuel efficiency of a vehicle and the fuel cost, which is affected by changes in the relative price of each fuel, are important variables in selecting an eco-friendly vehicle. In order to achieve the goal of spread of eco-friendly vehicles, it is necessary to develop technologies to improve fuel efficiency and set appropriate electric rates for charging electric vehicles. Second, an increase in the number of vehicle models through the expansion of the eco-friendly car industry and market also affects consumers' choice of eco-friendly vehicles, so efforts to expand the supply of eco-friendly vehicles will be an important factor. In addition, it is also significant that this study showed that the use of the energy census can be diversified by deriving meaningful policy implications using the results of the energy census periodically conducted in the country without a separate survey.

Surver and Construction in Gabensis village, Papua New Guinea (파푸아뉴기니 가벤시스마을 현황과 전망)

  • Chang, K.J.;Seo, G.S.;Byun, Jae Myun;Park, C.H.;Jeon, U.S.;Elick, G.;Eleo, D.
    • Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.173-183
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    • 2011
  • Gabensis village is one of the biggest village In the Wampar Local Level Government area within the Huon Gulf District of Morobe Province with a population of around 3,000. The major staple food is banana which is well complemented by minor staples yam, cassava, Singapore/Chinese taro and sweet potato. Apart from gardening for own consumption, the villagers engage in selling of vegetables, garden staples, cocoa beans, coconuts, timber, chicken, fish and pig meat to supplement their livelihood. Livestock like pigs and chickens are also kept for meat and for commercial purpose. Bettlenut which was once one of the main cash crops has now been overtaken by cocoa due to a disease that had attacked almost the entire bettlenut tree population in the area. Even though the Wau-Bulolo highway cuts through the village and all have access to transport infrastructure, the majority of the population still encounter problems in communication due to poor telecommunication coverage. On average most people earn not more than K50 per week due to constrains in production and marketing among others. Gabensis village has the potential to develop a tourism industry given its natural attraction of Lake Wanam. Beside there is also the natural eel farming and the fish pond at the nearby Potsie village. These natural attractions pose huge tourism potential for the community. As part of government services delivery and development, education and health issues is very much important in the community however there is lack of infrastructural development and poor service delivery especially in the area of health. However, the responsibility is on the community to organize themselves to realize that potential. A well developed agro-ecotourism investments would have positive spillover effects to the community thus contributing towards improving the livelihoods of the many farming families.

On the Analysis of Transportation System in Mokpo Port (목포항 운송시스템의 분석에 관한 연구)

  • Nam, M.U.;Lee, C.Y.
    • Journal of Korean Port Research
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.321-337
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    • 1997
  • Rapid change in the technological environment of marine transportation and the development of the ocean shipping industry have fostered a revolution in the port system. This in turn has caused major changes in the function and use of port in Korea. Aside from this. Mokpo Port, however continues to decline, because the existing port facilities and related subsystem are already obsolete with no chance of regaining operational effectiveness and treatment for proper implementation. Although a few studies have been done on the Mokpo Port, has not been found, any reseach for the analytical approach to the transportation system of it. This paper aims to make an extensive analysis of the physical distribution system in Mokpo Port focusing on the coordination of subsystems such as navigational aids system, quay handling and transfer system, storage system and inland transport system. The base of introduced simulation tool here is the queueing theory. The overall findings are as follows; 1. Among those vessels called at Mokpo Port in 1994, the average size of oceangoing vessels is 4,922.1 G/T, and the domestic is 317.8 G/T. The average arrival interval and service time of the domestic vessels are 6.0 hours and 24.1 hours respectively marking the berth occupation rate over 100%. Those for oceangoing vessels are 34.5 hours, 120.0 hours and 37.2%. In order to maintainin the berth occupation rate to 70% the capacity considering the 1994 of domestic piers must be extended to 145% and oceangoing vessels must be increased to 165% year called. 2. The capacity of approaching channel is enough to handle the total traffic volume. 3. Tugs are sufficiently being provided to handle all ships requiring their services 4. The capacity of storage and inland transportation systems are sufficient to handle the throughput and the yard stroage utilization rate of No.1 $\cdots$ No.5 is 4.5% and No.6 1S 30% of 1993's. 5. The utilization rate of LLc(Level Looping Crane) and PNT(PNeumaTic) are 2.7% and 18.8%, respectively. Practical solution and proposal for improvement of Transportation System in Mokpo Port are as follows; 1. To avoid the congestion in domestic pier introduction of a new port operation system is necessary allowing the domestic vessel to use the oceangoing pier. 2. To establish the port management information system to improve the efficiency of port operation. 3. To build a new storage system for high valued cargos including modernization of the present storage and handling system. 4. To insure the safety of navigation in approaching channel, The Vessel Traffic System including separation scheme is introduced. 5. To interest enormously on public relation to ship owner's association, shippers and consignees by showing that they can save cost and ship turnaround time in order to promote the call to Mokpo Port. At last, to be strategically change the function of Mokpo Port to the Leisure, Fishing & Ferry as well as Maritime port.

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Development of Time-Cost Trade-Off Algorithm for JIT System of Prefabricated Girder Bridges (Nodular GIrder) (프리팹 교량 거더 (노듈러 거더)의 적시 시공을 위한 공기-비용 알고리즘 개발)

  • Kim, Dae-Young;Chung, Taewon;Kim, Rang-Gyun
    • Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.12-19
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    • 2023
  • In the case of the construction industry, the relationship between process and cost should be appropriately distributed so that the finished product can be delivered at the minimum fee within the construction period. At that time, it should be considered the size of the bridge, the construction method, the environment and production capacity of the factory, and the transport distance. However, due to various reasons that occur during the construction period, problems such as construction delay, construction cost increase, and quality and reliability degradation occur. Therefore, a systematic and scientific construction technique and process management technology are needed to break away from the conventional method. The prefab(Pre-Fabrication) is a representative OSC (Off-Site Construction) method manufactured in a factory and constructed onsite. This study develops a resource and process plan optimization system for the process management of the Nodular girder, a prefab bridge girder. A simulation algorithm develops to automatically test various variables in the personnel equipment mobilization plan to derive the optimal value. And, the algorithm was applied to the Paju-Pocheon Expressway Construction (Section 3) Dohwa 4 Bridge under construction, and the results compare. Based on construction work standard product calculation, actual input manpower, equipment type, and quantity were applied to the Activity Card, and the amount of work by quantity counting, resource planning, and resource requirements was reflected. In the future, we plan to improve the accuracy of the program by applying forecasting techniques including various field data.

A Study on the Hazard Area of Bunkering for Ammonia Fueled Vessel (암모니아 연료추진 선박의 벙커링 누출 영향에 관한 연구)

  • Ilsup Shin;Jeongmin Cheon;Jihyun Lee
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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    • v.29 no.7
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    • pp.964-970
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    • 2023
  • As part of the International Maritime Organization ef orts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the maritime industry is exploring low-carbon fuels such as liquefied natural gas and methanol, as well as zero-carbon fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia, evaluating them as environmentally friendly alternatives. Particularly, ammonia has substantial operational experience as cargo on transport ships, and ammonia ship engines are expected to be available in the second half of 2024, making it relatively accessible for commercial use. However, overcoming the toxicity challenges associated with using ammonia as a fuel is imperative. Detection is possible at levels as low as 5 ppm through olfactory senses, and exposure to concentrations exceeding 300 ppm for more than 30 min can result in irreparable harm. Using the KORA program provided by the Chemical Safety Agency, an assessment of the potential risks arising from leaks during ammonia bunkering was conducted. A 1-min leak could lead to a 5 ppm impact within a radius of approximately 7.5 km, affecting key areas in Busan, a major city. Furthermore, the potentially lethal concentration of 300 ppm could have severe consequences in densely populated areas and schools near the bunkering site. Therefore, given the absence of regulations related to ammonia bunkering, the potential for widespread toxicity from even minor leaks highlights the requirement for the development of legislation. Establishing an integrated system involving local governments, fire departments, and environmental agencies is crucial for addressing the potential impacts and ensuring the safety of ammonia bunkering operations.

A Study on Impact of Factors Influencing Maritime Freight Rates Using Poisson and Negative Binomial Regression Analysis on Blank Sailings of Shipping Companies (포아송 및 음이항 회귀분석을 이용한 해상운임 결정요인이 해운선사의 블랭크 세일링에 미치는 영향 분석 연구)

  • Won-Hyeong Ryu;Hyung-Sik Nam
    • Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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    • v.48 no.1
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    • pp.62-77
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    • 2024
  • In the maritime shipping industry, imbalance between supply and demand has persistently increased, leading to the utilization of blank sailings by major shipping companies worldwide as a key means of flexibly adjusting vessel capacity in response to shipping market conditions. Traditionally, blank sailings have been frequently implemented around the Chinese New Year period. However, due to unique circumstances such as the global pandemic starting in 2020 and trade tensions between the United States and China, shipping companies have recently conducted larger-scale blank sailings compared to the past. As blank sailings directly impact freight transport delays, they can have negative repercussions from perspectives of both businesses and consumers. Therefore, this study employed Poisson regression models and negative binomial regression models to analyze the influence of maritime freight rate determinants on shipping companies' decisions regarding blank sailings, aiming to proactively address potential consequences. Results of the analysis indicated that, in Poisson regression analysis for 2M, significant variables included global container shipping volume, container vessel capacity, container ship scrapping volume, container ship newbuilding index, and OECD inflation. In negative binomial regression analysis, ocean alliance showed significance with global container shipping volume and container ship order volume, the alliance with container ship capacity and interest rates, non-alliance with international oil prices, global supply chain pressure index, container ship capacity, OECD inflation, and total alliance with container ship capacity and interest rates.

A study on the improvement of distribution system by overseas agricultural investment (해외농업투자에 따른 유통체계 개선방안에 관한 연구)

  • Sun, Il-Suck;Lee, Dong-Ok
    • Journal of Distribution Science
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    • v.8 no.3
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    • pp.17-26
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    • 2010
  • Recently concerns have been raised due to the unbalanced supply of crops: the price of crops has been unstable and at one point the price went up so high that the word Agflation(agriculture+ inflation) was coined. Korea, in particular, is a small-sized country and needs to secure the stable supply of crops by investing in the produce importation at a national level. Investment in foreign produce importation is becoming more important as a measure for sufficient supply of crops, limited supply of domestic crops, weakened farming conditions worldwide, as well as recent changes in the use of crops due to the development of bio-fuels, influence of carbon emission on crops, the price increase in crops, and influx of foreign hot money. However, there are many problems with investing in foreign produce importation: lack of support from the government; lack of farming information and technology; difficulty in securing the capital; no immediate pay-off from the investment and insufficient management. Although foreign produce is originally more price-competitive than domestic produce, it loses its competiveness in the process of importation (due to high tariffs) and poor distribution system, which makes it difficult to sell in Korea. Therefore, investment in foreign produce importation is being questioned for feasibility; to make it possible, foreign produce must maintain the price-competitiveness. Especially, harvest of agricultural products depends on natural and geographical conditions of each country and those products have indigenous properties, so distribution system according to import and export of agricultural products should be treated more carefully than that of other industries. Distribution costs are differentiated into each item and include cost of sorting and wrapping, cost of wrapping materials, cost of domestic transport, cost of international transport and cost of clearing customs for import and export. So transporting and storing agricultural products generates considerable costs compared with other products. Also, due to upgrade of dietary life, needs for stability, taste and visible quality toward food including agricultural products are being raised and wrong way of storage causes decomposition of food and loss of freshness, making the storage more difficult than that in room temperature, so storage and transport in distribution of agricultural products needs specialty. In addition, because lack of specialty in distribution and circulation such as storage and wrapping does not solve limit factors in distance, the distribution and circulation has been limited to a form of import and export within short-distant region. Therefore, need for distribution out-sourcing which can satisfy specialty in managing distribution and circulation and it is needed to establish more effective distribution system. However, existing distribution system of agricultural products is exposed to various problems including problems in distribution channel, making distribution and strategy for distribution and those problems are as follows. First, in case of investment in overseas agricultural industry, stable supply of the products is difficult because areas of production are dispersed widely and influenced by outer factors due to including overseas distribution channels. Also, at the aspect of quality, standardization of products is difficult, distribution system is quite complicated and unreasonable due to long distribution channels according to international trade and financial and institutional support is not enough. Especially, there are quite a lot of ineffective factors including multi level distribution process, dramatic gap between production cost and customer's cost, lack of physical distribution facilities and difficulties in storage and transport due to lack of wrapping containers. Besides, because import and export of agricultural products has been manages under the company's own distribution according to transaction contract between manufacturers and exporting company, efficiency is low due to excessive investment in fixed costs and lack of specialty in dealing with agricultural products causes fall of value of products, showing the limit to lose price-competitiveness. Especially, because lack of specialty in distribution and circulation such as storage and wrapping does not solve limit factors in distance, the distribution and circulation has been limited to a form of import and export within short-distant region. Therefore, need for distribution out-sourcing which can satisfy specialty in managing distribution and circulation and it is needed to establish more effective distribution system. Second, among tangible and intangible services which promote the efficiency of the whole distribution, a function building distribution environment which includes distribution information, system for standard and inspection, distribution finance, system for diversification of risks, education and training, distribution administration and tax system is wanted. In general, such a function building distribution environment is difficult to be changed and supplement innovatively because its effect compared with investment does not appear immediately despite of its necessity. Especially, in case of distribution of agricultural products, as a function of collecting and distributing is performed individually through various channels, the importance of distribution information and standardization is getting more focus due to the problem of repetition of work and lack of specialty. Also, efficient management of distribution is quite difficult due to lack of professionals in distribution, so support to professional education is needed. Third, though effort to keep self-sufficiency ratio of staple food, rice is regarded as important at the government level, level of dependency on overseas of others crops is high. Therefore, plan for stable securing food resources aside from staple food is also necessary. Especially, governmental organizations of agricultural products distribution in Korea are production-centered and have unreasonable structure whose function at the aspect of distribution and consumption is quite insufficient. And development of new distribution channels which can deal with changes in distribution environment and they do not achieve actual results of strategy for distribution due to non-positive strategy for price distribution. That is, it implies the possibility that base for supply will become vulnerable because it does not mediate appropriate interests on total distribution channels such as manufacturers, wholesale dealers and vendors by emphasizing consumer protection excessively in the distribution of agricultural products. Therefore, this study examined fundamental concept and actual situation for our investment to overseas agriculture, drew necessities, considerations, problems, etc. of overseas agricultural investment and suggested improvements at the level of distribution for price competitiveness of agricultural products cultivated in overseas under five aspects; government's indirect support, distribution's modernization and distribution information function's strengthening, government's political support for distribution facility, transportation route, load and unloading works' improvement, price competitiveness' securing, professional manpower's cultivation by education and training, etc. Here are some suggestions for foreign produce importation. First, the government should conduct a survey on the current distribution channels and analyze the situation to establish a measure for long-term development plans. By providing each agricultural area with a guideline for planning appropriate production of crops, the government can help farmers be ready for importation, and prevent them from producing same crops all at the same time. Government can sign an MOU with the foreign government and promote the importation so that the development of agricultural resources can be stable and steady. Second, the government can establish a strategy for an effective distribution system by providing farmers and agriculture-related workers with the distribution information such as price, production, demand, market structure and location, feature of each crop, and etc. In order for such distribution system to become feasible, the government needs to reconstruct the current distribution system, designate a public organization for providing distribution information and set the criteria for level of produce quality, trade units, and package units. Third, the government should provide financial support and a policy to seek an efficient distribution channel for foreign produce to be delivered fresh: the government should expand distribution facilities (for selecting, packaging, storing, and processing) and transportation vehicles while modernizing old facilities. There should be another policy to improve the efficiency of unloading, and to lower the cost of distribution. Fourth, it is necessary to enact a new law covering exceptional cases for importing produce in order to maintain the price competitiveness; currently the high tariffs is keeping the imported produce from being distributed domestically. However, the new adjustment should be made carefully within the WTO regulations since it can create a problem from giving preferential tariffs. The government can also simplify the distribution channels in order to reduce the cost in the distribution process. Fifth, the government should educate distributors to raise the efficiency and to modernize the distribution system. It is necessary to develop human resources by educating people regarding the foreign agricultural environment, the produce quality, management skills, and by introducing some successful cases in advanced countries.

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