• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.95-98
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• 2009

The incidence and occurrence of virus infecting paprika (Capsicum annuum var. grossum) in Jeonnam province, the main areas of cultivation in Korea is undetermined. In this study, a total of 1,020 samples with virus-like symptoms were collected in Jeonnam province during summer season for 3 consecutive years (2002-2005) and were tested using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed that Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV), Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were found to be the most prevalent viruses with a 3-year average percent incidence of 41.3, 19.8, and 4.4 respectively. Mixed infection with more than two viruses was also found with 3.5%, 17.0%, and 8.3%, respectively. Symptoms of these virus diseases were not evident at the seedling stage but slowly appeared at the transplanting stage and increased to the middle stage (4-5 months after transplanting) during the 3-year cultivation periods. Symptom appearance of infected plants however varied largely with transplanting time. Those plants transplanted from November to January were found to be infected with viruses in June, whereas symptoms appeared with in a month those plants transplanted from June to August. There were differences in the virus incidence from primary factor such as district, type of green house and variety, but these were not statistically significant (data not shown). Recommended control measures of paprika against these viruses is also discussed in this paper.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 1994

Forth microbial isolates out of 167 isolates from the soil of controlled cultivation areas inhibited mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani AG2-1 causing the strawberry bud rot in vitro. Among the isolates, Kr013 and Kr020 showed suppressive effect to R. solani AG2-1 on seedlings of chinese cabbage treated by root immersion, charcoal carrier granule and drenching on 1.0% infested soil in pot. Furthemore, the corresponding effect was also revealed when the charcoal carrier granule of the isolates were treated on the seedling of strawberry that were planted on the planting hole in pot. To examine the effects of biological control in green house, it had been tested the infection rates by using two different treatments. First, the strawberry runner were planted on the nursery soil mixed with 20% charcoal carrier granule of Kr013 and Kr020 isolate respectively, and grown for 20 days before transplanting. Then the young plants form the mother plant were separated and transplanted on the 1.0% infested soil. Another method was that the charcoal carrier of Kr013 and Kr020 isolates applied to planting hole of 1.0% infested soil just before transplanting. Then the young plants were grown for 20 days on the sterilized nursery soil before transplanting. From the results, the effects of biological control was significantly higher on former treatment (e.g. the infection rates were 7.3 and 5.7%, respectively) than on the latter treatment (e.g. the corresponding value were 16.7 and 15.7%, respectively). The antagonistic isolates of Kr013 and Kr020 were respectively identified as Pseudomonas cepacia with the similarity of 55.0% and 60.0% by using the Biolog GN Microplate system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1987

This study was carried out to examine the influence of shading and root-cutting on the survival and growth of Pinus koraiensis seedlings. 1, The highest survival percentage of seedlings transplanted to transplanting bed appeared at the plot of 19% in shading. The 50% of the seedlings were survived if half of them were root-cutting. 2. Shoot elongation, root growth and diameter increment were the best at the plot of 100% in relative light intensity. However, those were the best at the plot with 1/4 root cutting. 3. The increase of needle fascicle number and the growth of needle surface area per seedling were the longest at the plot of 63% relative light intensity. Among root cutting treatments the 1/4 cutting plot showed the largest growth of needle areas.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.123-127
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the classification and the growing characteristics of biennial weed species in a newly formed transplanting lawn grass land. Measuring size in the experimental plot was $1{\times}1m$ in the 9 different locations, and experimental design was randomized complete plot with 3 replications. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1) Weed species in a newly formed lawn field are consisted of 29.4% of Cruciferae, 29.4% of Compositae, 23.5% of Caryophyllaceae, 11.8% of Gramineae, and 5.9% of Labiatae family 2) Emerging percentage of weed species are consisted of 47.1% on October, 41.2% on November, 5.9% on both September and December, respectively. 3) Distribution rate about flowering time of weed species was in order of 58.5% on May, 23.5% on April, 11.8% on March, and 5.9% on June. 4) Weed species were grouped according to the plant height. It was observed that below 20cm, 20-40cm, 40-60cm and above 60cm of plant height were 23.5%, 47.1%, 17.6% and 11.8%, respectively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.220-227
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• 2012

This study was conducted to analyze the seeding quality of paprika and the growth and early yield after transplanting of paprika nursed under artificial light and natural light. In this study, blue LED, red LED, and white fluorescent lamps (FL) were used as artificial lighting sources. Photoperiod, average photosynthetic photon flux, air temperature, and relative humidity in a closed transplants production system (CTPS) were maintained at 16/8 h, $204{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, 26/$20^{\circ}C$, and 70%, respectively. Leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, top fresh weight and dry weight of paprika seedlings, and chlorophyll content in paprika leaves nursed under LED and fluorescent lamps for 21 days after experiment were significantly affected by light treatments. As compared with the control (white FL), leaf area of paprika grown under blue LED, red LED, and natural light was decreased by 63%, 63%, and 28%, respectively. Top dry weight of paprika grown under blue LED, red LED, and natural light was 64%, 50%, and 22%, respectively, compared with the control. Number of leaves on 18 days after transplanting showed with red LED, blue LED, and natural light by 86%, 84%, and 48%, respectively, compared with the control. On 114 days after transplanting, paprika nursed under blue LED and red LED had relatively short plant height. This result might be caused that the elongation of its internodes was suppressed by the illumination of sole blue or red light. Average number of fruits per plant harvested during 4 weeks after first harvest was 3.5 with red LED, 3.3 with blue LED, 1.0 with natural light, and 2.2 with control, respectively. Early yield of paprika nursed under red LED, blue LED, natural light, and control were 453 g/plant, 403 g/plant, 101 g/plant, and 273 g/plant, respectively. Larger fruit of 136 g was harvested with red LED treatment. Even though the early yield of paprika was greatly increased with artificial lighting, but total yield was almost similar as the harvest period after transplanting in greenhouses was lengthened. From the above results, we could understand that paprika nursed under white FL, blue LED, and red LED showed good growth after transplanting and was early harvested by a week as compared to the natural light. Therefore, the white FL, blue LED, and red LED as the artificial lighting sources in CTPS could be strategically used to enhance the seedling quality, to shorten the harvest time, and to increase the yield of paprika.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of transplanting methods on the growth and yield of paprika (Capsicumannuum L. 'Veyron' and 'Coletti') in coir culture during two seasons. The summer type sowed in late winter and harvested from summer and the winter type sowed in summer and harvested from early winter. Control plants grown on the 10cm rockwool block were transplanted on coir slab when the 8 leaves of seedlings were emerged, while plants of the young seedling transplanting(YST) grown on the 7cm rockwool block was put on the slab at time of 2-3 leaves developed. Plants of the temporary transplanting(TT) on the 10cm rockwool block were moved on the slab after 2-3 weeks underpinning cultivation, while plants of the blockless transplanting(BT) were directly transplanted in the slab when the seedlings have 2-3 leaves emerged. The plant height of the control and BT treatment were longer while that of TT showed the shortest among treatments. The bigger leaf size was observed in the YST and BT treatment. Leaf number of the BT treatment was increased, while that of TT was the lowest. There were no differences in fruit size, locules and thickness among treatments. The lower fruit weight was observed in the TT of the winter culture and fruits in the control and YST of the summer culture showed higher fruit weight. The percentage of marketable fruit appeared to be slightly higher in the winter culture than in the summer culture. There were no differences in marketable fruit rate among the treatments of the winter culture but, among the summer culture, the highest marketable fruit rate was observed in the BT with 93%. The yield of the YST and BT was higher and that of the TT was the lowest.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.9-26
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• 1974

1. Results in Nursery This experiment was carried out on the effect of the seed treament, soil preparations, kinds of covering soil and inside covering methods in two rice varieties, 'Tongil' and 'Akibare' to find out the most reasonable model of the flat nursery bed, with which lower cost is required comparing with the tunnel nursery. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The seedling of all plots of the ordinary seed were very poor compared to the plots of sprouted seed. (2) In case that the variety 'Tongil' was cultivated on the dry nursery bed, the good seedling percentage and the plant height rat io were significantly increased but the other characteristics of the seedling were not noticeable. (3) The kinds of the covering soil had not an effect on the seedling growth significantly. (4) Inside straw mulching was seemed effective for the protection in the case of the extreme high temperature and heavy rain fall, even though there was not significant differences between inside straw mulching and no treatments at the flat type nursery. (5) Difference of seedling growth between the flat type nursery and the tunnel type nursery was not significant. And it's reason was thought that the covering period of polyethylene film was short in semi hot nursery for the common early transplanting cultivation of rice. (6) The percentage of good seedling was higher at 'Akibare' than 'Tongil', variety but the number of seedling leaf and the seedling growth ratio in height were significantly increased in the variety 'Tongil'. The other seedling characters between there two varieties were not significantly different. 2. Results after transplanting This experiment was conducted to study on the ripening percentage, rice yield and disease, appearance of the seedling from sprouted seed plots including common irrigated nursery as check plot after transplantnig. The results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) The rice yield, the yield components and the appearance of leaf discoloration of both varieties, 'Tongil' and 'Akibare' were slightly betterat the plot of the standard tunnel nursery than that of the flat nursery with inside mulching or the among these three plots. (2) For 'Tongil' variety, the ripening percentage and the rice yield were significantly decreased at the common irrigated nursery compared with semi hot nursery. (3) The ripening percentage and the rice yield of 'Akibare' contrasted with 'Tongil' were significantly decreased at thesemi 'hot-nursery compared with common irrigated nursery. The main reason was thought to be the injury of the rice stripe disease (Rice stripe disease virus). Considering above mentioned experimental result, the seedling of 'Tongil' must be cultivated on the semi bot nursery for better ripening percentage as well as rice yield and for prevention of red discoloration. And as a model of semi hot nursery, the polyethylene covering nursery of standard tunnel type is most desirable but that of flat type with inside straw mulching is thought to be desirable too.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 2009

Healthy seedling generation is the major concern in overcoming adverse effects of biotic and abiotic stresses during tender stage of development in vegetables and horticultural crops. Because of this, priority is given to research leading to the generation of healthy seedlings in crops subjected to transplanting and bedding. In this study, growth pouch experiments were conducted to determine the effect of inoculation of six different strains of Methylobacterium sp. namely, M. oryzae CBMB20, M. phyllosphaerae CBMB27, M. suomiense CBMB120, and Methylobacterium strains CBMB12, CBMB15 and CBMB17 on the seedling development of the vegetable crops cabbage, Chinese cabbage and cucumber; and horticultural crops tomato and red pepper. Crops treated with the test strains generally showed higher seedling dry matter accumulation compared to the control. Significantly higher accumulation was exhibited by CBMB12, CBMB17, and CBMB20 in cabbage, as well as for CBMB27 and CBMB120 on tomato and Chinese cabbage, respectively. Furthermore, all the strains promoted root elongation in cucumber and tomato seedlings while in Chinese cabbage and red pepper, root elongation was observed with CBMB120 and CBMB12 inoculation, respectively. Large scale nursery study is needed to develop a thorough protocol for healthy seedling development with the use of these strains.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.344-352
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• 2019

Drought stress caused by global climate change is a serious problem for rice cultivation. Increasingly frequent abnormal weather occurrences could include severe drought, which could cause water stress to rice during the seedling stage. This experiment was conducted to clarify the effects of drought during the seedling period on yield and quality of rice. Drought conditions were created in a rain shelter house facility. The drought treatment was conducted at 3, 10, and 20 days after transplanting. Soil water content was measured by a soil moisture sensor during the whole growth stage. In this study, we have chosen 3 rice cultivars which are widely cultivated in Korea: 'Haedamssal' (Early maturing), 'Samkwang' (Medium maturing), and 'Saenuri' (Mid-late maturing). The decrease in yield due to drought treatment was most severe 3 days after transplanting because of the decrease in the number of effective tillers. The decrease in grain quality due to drought treatment was also most severe 3 days after transplanting because of the increased protein content and hardness of the grains. The cultivar 'Haedamssal' was the most severely damaged by water stress, resulting in about a 30% yield loss. Drought conditions diminished the early vigorous growth period and days to heading in early-maturing cultivars. The results show that drought stress affects yield components immediately after transplanting, which is a decisive factor in reducing yield and grain quality. This study can be used as basic data to calculate damage compensation for drought damage on actual rice farms.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.101-101
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• 2022

In recent years, due to climate change, the livestock industry has become more interested in the production of forage crops. In Korea, more than 74% of forage crops are cultivated in winter rice fields. In particular, Italian ryegrass (IRG) is depends on imports for more than 70% of its seeds. In generally, the IRG rapeseed cultivation method involves sowing from early October to mid-October by drill sowing seeding or spot seedling. However, the sowing period is delayed due to frequent rainfall during. And, same period require a lot of seeds. However, raising seedlings and transplanted IRG will overcome weather conditions and reduce the amount of seeds. This study was intended to be applied to the domestic IRG seed industry in the future through growth and quantity evaluation according to transplant time and planting density for the production of good quality IRG seeds in rice paddy fields. In this study, transplanting time (October 20, October 30, November 10) and planting density (50, 70, and 80) were cultivated at the National Institute of Crop Science in 2021. The amount of fertilizer applied was adjusted to (N-P₂O₅-K₂O) 4.5-12-12 (kg/10a), and then 2.2(kg/10a) of nitrogen was added each year. For the growth survey, leaf area, canopy coverage, plant length, and seed yield were investigated. Along with the transplanting time, the plant length was higher on October 20 than on October 30 and November 10. On the other hand, leaf area index changes differed depending on the transplanting time and planting density, and were particularly high on October 20, 80 density and 70 density, but similar on October 30 and November 10. 1000 seed weight showed no difference with transplanting time and planting density. On the other hand, the seed yield was 215(kg/10a) for 80 density on October 20, 211(kg/10a) for 70 density, 118(kg/10a) for 50 density, and 80 density for October 30 and November 10. and 70 density did not differ. On the other hand, the 50 density on October 30 and November 10 were 164(kg/10a) and 147(kg/10a) respectively. As can be seen from this study, the earlier the transplant, the higher the seed yield. However, the 50 density was reduced in yield compared to the 70 density and 80 density.