• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the expression of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-1, in a rat calvarium defect model using particulate dentin and/or plaster of Paris, and correlate the bone regeneration process with the histologic events. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 animals each. A 1.0 cm-sized calvarial defects were made and the defect was filled with different graft materials as follows : Group A, the defects were filled with a mixture of particulate dentin and plaster of Paris with a 2:1 ratio; Group B, the defects were filled with plaster of Paris only; Group C, defects were filled with particulate dentin only; Group D, untreated control group. The animals were sacrificed by 1, 2, 4, 8 weeks after implantation. Excised wound tissues were processed for histology, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR for the analysis of TGF-1 expression. Results: Gene expression of TGF-1 was detected for all experimental groups. The highest gene expression was observed in the specimen taken at the first week after implantation in Group A. According to the histologic and immunohistochemical studies, TGF-1 positive osteoblast-like cells were found in the early stage of healing after the implantation of particulate dentin and plaster of Paris. Conclusion: These findings suggest that TGF-1 may be related to new bone formation at the early healing process after the implantation of particulate dentin and plaster of Paris.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2006

Background : Several studies have suggested that alterations of cytokine level could be related to the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. In this study, we measured plasma level of Interleukin-12(IL-12), a pro-inflammatory cytokine and transforming growth factor-${\beta}$1(TGF-${\beta}$1), an anti-inflammatory cytokine before and after treatment in acute manic patients. Methods : The plasma concentrations of IL-12 and TGF-${\beta}$1 were measured using quantitative ELISA in 18 bipolar disorder patients and 25 normal controls at admission and 6 weeks later. The psychopathology was measured by Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS) and Young Mania Rating Scale(YMRS). Results : IL-12 levels were significantly higher in bipolar manic patients than in controls before treatment. Following the 6-week treatment, the IL-12 level was decreased than before treatment, but sustained still higher level than normal control. TGF-${\beta}$1 level was not significant different between manic patients and normal controls before treatment, but was increased after treatment comparing with before treatment in bipolar patients. The ratio of IL-12 and TGF-${\beta}$1 was significantly decreased after treatment. Conclusion : Cytokine abnormalities in bipolar disorder might be involved in the pathophysiology of the illness. It is possible that TGF-${\beta}$1 plays an important role in the regulation of immunological imbalance in bipolar disorder.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.233-244
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• 2011

Online analytical processing (OLAP) architecture performs only well on the facts that are summarizable along each dimension, where all hierarchy schemas are distributive, and consequently many kinds of non-distributive hierarchy schemas arising in real-world situations are not addressed by current OLAP implementations. In previous work, we presented the classification of hierarchy schemas in aggregation, including one distributive and seven non-distributive hierarchy schemas. This paper presents a transforming approach of seven non-distributive hierarchy schemas into the distributive hierarchy schema. The first thing in the approach is cutting complex non-distributive hierarchy schemas into more simpler ones, and the next is the transformation of those simpler ones into the distributive hierarchy schema. This approach will let complex hierarchy schemas arising in real world situations be addressed by current OLAP implementations. It is thought that this approach will be useful one from an implementation and schema design point of view.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.156-163
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• 2014

Interleukin (IL) 17 is produced by T-helper (Th) 17 with a vigorous effect on cells of the immune system playing important roles in pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases, including autoimmune disorders and cancers. Therefore, the aim of current study was to determine the serum levels of IL-6, IL-17, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-${\beta}$) in Iranian bladder cancer patients, and to correlate them with disease status. Blood samples were collected from 40 bladder cancer patients and 38 healthy individuals with no history of malignancies or autoimmune disorders. The serum levels of IL-6, IL-17, and TGF-${\beta}$ were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that the levels of IL-17 (p<0.0001) and TGF-${\beta}$ (p<0.0001) were significantly lower in the patients compared to the controls. No significant differences in the level of serum IL-6 (p=0.16) was observed between the patients and controls. In addition, demographic characteristics between control and patients groups were not significantly different. As most of the cases studied in this investigation were in stage I and II, it is concluded that reduced Th17-related cytokines can be used as indicators for following the course and clinical stages of bladder carcinoma progress and immune response to cancer.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2020

Objective: Endometrial fibrosis, the primary pathological feature of intrauterine adhesion, may lead to disruption of endometrial tissue structure, menstrual abnormalities, infertility, and recurrent pregnancy loss. At present, no ideal therapeutic strategy exists for this fibrotic disease. Eupatilin, a major pharmacologically active flavone from Artemisia, has been previously reported to act as a potent inducer of dedifferentiation of fibrotic tissue in the liver and lung. However, the effects of eupatilin on endometrial fibrosis have not yet been investigated. In this study, we present the first report on the impact of eupatilin treatment on transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-induced endometrial fibrosis. Methods: The efficacy of eupatilin on TGF-β-induced endometrial fibrosis was assessed by examining changes in morphology and the expression levels of fibrosis markers using immunofluorescence staining and quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: Eupatilin treatment significantly reduced the fibrotic activity of TGF-β-induced endometrial fibrosis in Ishikawa cells, which displayed more circular shapes and formed more colonies. Additionally, the effects of eupatilin on fibrotic markers including alpha-smooth muscle actin, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, collagen type I alpha 1 chain, and matrix metalloproteinase-2, were evaluated in TGF-β-induced endometrial fibrosis. The expression of these markers was highly upregulated by TGF-β pretreatment and recovered to the levels of control cells in response to eupatilin treatment. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that suppression of TGF-β-induced signaling by eupatilin might be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of endometrial fibrosis.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.421-436
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• 2001

Transforming growth $factor-{\beta}(TGF-{\beta})$is a polypeptide biologic mediator considered to play a role in promoting bone formation in bony defect area. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of $TGF-{\beta}$ to the periodontal regeneration of class III furcation defect in dogs. Classs III furcation defects were surgically created on the third and the fourth premolars bilaterally in the mandibles of eight mongrel dogs. Experimental periodontitis were induced by placing small cotton pellets into the created defects for 3 weeks. Experimental sites were divided into 4 groups according to the treatment modalities: Group I-Surgical debridement only; Group II-allogenic demineralized freeze dried bone grafting; Group III-allogenic demineralized freeze dried bone soaked in $TGF-{\beta}(4ng/10{\mu}l)$grafting; Group IV-allogenic demineralized freeze dried bone soaked in $TGF-{\beta}(20ng/10{\mu}l)$ grafting. The animals were sacrificed in the 8th week after periodontal surgery and the decalcified and undecalcified specimens were for histological and histometric examination. Although no significant differences was seen in the length of epitheial growth and connective attachment, group III showed the least apical migration among treatment groups. The amount of bone repair was significantly greater in group III, IV compared to group I and group II. New attachment formation was significantly greater in group III and group IV compared to group I and group II. These results suggest the allogenic demineralized freeze dried bone with $TGF-{\beta}$ in class III furcation defect has the potentiality of promoting alveolar bone formation and periodontal regeneration.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

An extracellular matrix protein, transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein (TGFBIp/βig-h3), which is induced by transforming growth factor-β in the human cornea, skin, and matrix of many connective tissues, is associated with the adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation of various cells. TGFBIp contains four homologous repeat domains, known as FAS1 domains, where certain mutations have been considered to cause corneal dystrophies. In this study, backbone NMR assignments of FAS1-3/FAS1-4 tandem domain were obtained and compared with those previously known for the isolated FAS1-4 domain. The results corroborate in solution the inter-domain interaction between FAS1-3 and FAS1-4 in TGFBIp.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.98-103
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• 2020

Marfan syndrome (MFS), a connective tissue disorder caused by mutations in the fibrillin-1 (Fbn1) gene, has vascular manifestations including aortic aneurysm, dissection, and rupture. Its vascular pathogenesis is assumed to be attributed to increased transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling and blockade of excessive TGFβ signaling has been thought to prevent dissection and aneurysm formation. Here, we investigated whether galunisertib, a potent small-molecule inhibitor of TGFβ receptor I (TβRI), attenuates aneurysmal disease in a murine model of MFS (Fbn1^C1039G/+) and compared the impact of galuninsertib on the MFS-related vascular pathogenesis with that of losartan, a prophylactic agent routinely used for patients with MFS. Fbn1^C1039G/+ mice were administered galunisertib or losartan for 8 weeks, and their ascending aortas were assessed for histopathological changes and phosphorylation of Smad2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2). Mice treated with galunisertib or losartan barely exhibited phosphorylated Smad2, suggesting that both drugs effectively blocked overactivated canonical TGFβ signaling in Fbn1^C1039G/+ mice. However, galunisertib treatment did not attenuate disrupted medial wall architecture and only partially decreased Erk1/2 phosphorylation, whereas losartan significantly inhibited MFS-associated aortopathy and markedly decreased Erk1/2 phosphorylation in Fbn1^C1039G/+ mice. These data unexpectedly revealed that galunisertib, a TβRI inhibitor, showed no benefits in aneurysmal disease in MFS mice although it completely blocked Smad2 phosphorylation. The significant losartan-induced inhibition of both aortic vascular pathogenesis and Smad2 phosphorylation implied that canonical TGFβ signaling might not prominently drive aneurysmal diseases in MFS mice.

• Laboraroty Animal Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.76-83
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• 2017

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) is an important disease featured as intense inflammation, protease imbalance, and air flow limitation and mainly induced by cigarette smoke (CS). In present study, we explored the effects of $Pycnogenol^{(R)}$ (PYC, pine bark extract) on pulmonary fibrosis caused by CS+lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. Mice were treated with LPS intranasally on day 12 and 26, followed by CS exposure for 1 h/day (8 cigarettes per day) for 4 weeks. One hour before CS exposure, 10 and 20 mg/kg of PYC were administered by oral gavage for 4 weeks. PYC effectively reduced the number of inflammatory cells and proinflammatory mediators caused by CS+LPS exposure in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. PYC inhibited the collagen deposition on lung tissue caused by CS+LPS exposure, as evidenced by Masson's trichrome stain. Furthermore, transforming growth $factor-{\beta}1$ ($TGF-{\beta}1$) expression and Smad family member 2/3 (Smad 2/3) phosphorylation were effectively suppressed by PYC treatment. PYC markedly reduced the collagen deposition caused by CS+LPS exposure, which was closely involved in $TGF-{\beta}1$/Smad 2/3 signaling, which is associated with pulmonary fibrotic change. These findings suggest that treatment with PYC could be a therapeutic strategy for controlling COPD progression.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 2021

Objective: Approximately 30% of preeclamptic pregnancies exhibit abnormal liver function tests. We assessed liver injury-associated enzyme levels and circulating transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) levels in an arginine vasopressin (AVP)-induced pregnant Sprague-Dawley rat model. Methods: Pregnant and non-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (n=24) received AVP (150 ng/hr) subcutaneously via mini-osmotic pumps for 18 days. Blood pressure was measured, urine samples were collected, and all animals were euthanized via isoflurane. Blood was collected to measure circulating levels of TGF-β1-3 isomers and liver injury enzymes in pregnant AVP (PAVP), pregnant saline (PS), non-pregnant AVP (NAVP), and non-pregnant saline (NS) rats. Results: The PAVP group showed significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure than both saline-treated groups. The weight per pup was significantly lower in the AVP-treated group than in the saline group (p<0.05). Circulating TGF-β1-3 isomer levels were significantly higher in the PAVP rats than in the NS rats. However, similar TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 levels were noted in the PS and PAVP rats, while TGF-β2 levels were significantly higher in the PAVP rats. Circulating liver-type arginase-1 and 5'-nucleotidase levels were higher in the PAVP rats than in the saline group. Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate higher levels of TGF-β2, arginase, and 5'-nucleotidase activity in PAVP than in PS rats. AVP may cause vasoconstriction and increase peripheral resistance and blood pressure, thereby elevating TGF-β and inducing the preeclampsia-associated inflammatory response. Future studies should explore the mechanisms through which AVP dysregulates liver injury enzymes and TGF-β in pregnant rats.