• Title/Summary/Keyword: Transferred energy

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A Study on change in thermal properties and chemical structure of Zr-Ni delay system by aging (노화에 따른 Zr-Ni계 지연관의 열 특성 및 화학적 구조 변화에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Byung Chan;Chang, Il Ho;Kim, Sun Tae;Hwang, Taek Sung;Lee, Seungho
    • Analytical Science and Technology
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.285-292
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    • 2009
  • It has been observed that, after long term storage, some ammunitions are misfired by tamping (combustionstopping) due to aging of the chemicals loaded in the ammunitions. Used in ammunitions are percussion powder which provides the initial energy, igniter which ignites the percussion powder, and a delay system that delays the combustion for a period of time. The percussion powder is loaded first, followed by the igniter and then the delay system, and the ammunitions explode by the energy being transferred in the same order. Tamping occurs by combustion-stopping of the igniter or insufficient energy transfer from the igniter to the delay system or the combustion-stopping of the delay system, which are suspected to be caused by low purity of the components, inappropriate mixing ratio, size distribution of particulate components, type of the binder, blending method, hydrolysis by the humidity penetrated during the long term storage, and chemical changes of the components by high temperature. Goal of this study is to find the causes of the combustion-stopping of the igniter and the delay system of the ammunitions after long term storage. In this study, a method was developed for testing of the combustion-stopping, and the size distributions of the particulate components were analyzed with field-flow fractionation (FFF), and then the mechanism of chemical change during long term storage was investigated by thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry), XRD (X-ray diffractometry), and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). For the ignition system, M (metal)-O (oxygen) and M-OH peaks were observed at the oxygen's 1s position in the XPS spectrum. It was also found by XRD that $Fe_3O_4$ was produced. Thus it can be concluded that the combustion-stopping is caused by reduction in energy due to oxidation of the igniter.

Uptake and Accumulation of Soil Strontium-90 by Peanut and Sesame (토양 strontium-90의 땅콩과 참깨에 의한 흡수 및 축적)

  • Choi, Yong-Ho;Jo, Jae-Seong
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.11-18
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    • 1996
  • A greenhouse experiment on the Sr-90 uptake by peanut and sesame was conducted through pot cultures on a sandy loam soil of pH 6.35 treated with Sr-90 in 5.2 and 31.2Bq per gram. The rate of Sr-90 transfer from soil to each plant part, the ratio of Sr-90 concentration in the part to the concentration in soil, and the patterns of their temporal changes were not, on the whole, significantly different between the two treatments. About 0.7 and 0.5 % of Sr-90 in soil transferred to all the mature plants of peanut and sesame, respectively, with the radioactivities in their roots not counted. Only 4% and less than 15% of Sr-90 absorbed by peanut and sesame, respectively, translocated to their seeds. Both crops showed the highest Sr-90 concentration in the leaf and the lowest in the seed. At maturities, the concentration ratio in dry seed was 0.4 in peanut and 3.3 in sesame and that in dry leaf was 12.5 and 10.7, respectively. Sr-90 concentrations in the top 15 cm soil after harvests averaged about 80 % of the concentrations at starting. Sr-90 uptake resulted in neither growth inhibition nor yield decrease.

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Stability Analysis of a Haptic System with a Human Impedance model using the Routh-Hurwitz Criterion (루드-후르비쯔 (Routh-Hurwitz) 안정성 판별법을 이용한 인간의 임피던스가 포함된 햅틱 시스템의 안정성 분석)

  • Lee, Kyungno
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.1813-1818
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    • 2014
  • This paper presents the stability analysis of the haptic system including a human impedance using the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. The reflective force is computed from a virtual spring model and is transferred to a human operator using the first-order-hold method. The stability boundary conditions are induced and the relation among a virtual spring ($K_w$), the mass ($M_h$), the damping ($B_h$) and the stiffness ($K_h$) of a human impedance is analyzed. Hence the stability boundary of the virtual spring ($K_w$) is proposed as $K_w{\leq}54413{\sqrt{(M_h+M_d)(B_h+B_d)}}-0.486K_h$ when the sampling time is 1 ms. The average relative error is about 0.5% when the mathematical analysis results are compared with the results of the stability boundary model.

An Experiment Study on Manufacturing process of BIPV Module (BIPV모듈의 제조공정에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • An, Youngsub;Kim, Sungtae;Lee, Sungjin;Yoon, Jongho
    • 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2010.11a
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    • pp.54-54
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    • 2010
  • In this study, the correlation between temperature and the gel-content of the module were analyzed through experiments. Amorphous thin-film solar cell used in this experiment has a visible light transmission performance of 10%. In addition, ethylene vinyl acetate(EVA) film and the clear glass have been used for the modulation. The most important process is to laminate the module in the manufacturing process of BIPV(Building integrated photovoltaic) module. Setting parameters of laminator in the lamination process are temperature, pressure and time. Setting conditions significantly affect the durability, watertightness and airtightness of module. The most important factor in the setting parameters is temperature to satisfy the gel-contents. The bottom and top surface temperature of module are measured according to setting temperature of laminator. The results showed $145^{\circ}C$ of max temperature of the bottom surface and $128^{\circ}C$ of max temperature of top surface on the module at the temperature condition of $160^{\circ}C$. And at the another temperature condition of laminator with $150^{\circ}C$, the max temperature do bottom and top are $117^{\circ}C$ and $134^{\circ}C$ respectively. The temperature difference between bottom and top of the module occurred, that is because heat has been blocked by the clear glass and the bottom of the cells absorb the heat from the laminator. In this particular, the temperature difference between setting temperature of the laminator and the surface temperature of the module showed $15^{\circ}C$, because the heat of laminator plate is transferred to the surface of the module and heat is lost at this time. As a results, gel-content showed 94.8%, 88.7% and 81.7% respectively according to the setting temperature $155^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$ and $145^{\circ}C$ of the laminator. In conclusion, the surface temperature of module increases, the gel-contents is relatively increased. But if the laminator plate temperature is too high, the gel-content shows rather decline in performance. Furthermore, the temperature difference between setting temperature and the surface temperature of the module is affected by laminating machine itself and the temperature of module should be considered when setting the laminator.

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Design and Operation of the Rainwater-Greywater Hybrid System : SNU No. 39 Building (빗물-저농도 오수 하이브리드 시스템의 설계 및 운전 평가 : 서울대 39동)

  • Shim, In-tae;Park, Hyun-ju;Kim, Tschung-il;Jung, Sung-un;Han, Moo-young;Namkung, Eun
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.38 no.12
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    • pp.676-682
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    • 2016
  • In this study, rainwater-greywater hybrid system was installed and operated for 1 year in order to evaluate its water quantity, water quality, and economic efficiency in building no. 39. This system was expected to overcome each disadvantages of and maximize each advantages. Low-greywater that was washed up from shower room was treated by MBR (Membrane Bioreactor) and ozone oxidation. Rainwater that was collected from the rooftop was stored in a reservoir, and then transferred to the storage tank that was mixed with treated greywater. After 1 year operating in building no. 39, rainwater and greywater was used to supply $2,599m^3$ of toilet flushing water. In terms of water quality, rainwater was satisfied far the greywater reuse standards except for E.coli. Moreover, low greywater quality was acceptable except for E. coli, BOD, SS, and turbidity. In addition, economic analysis was obtained from benefit-cost ratio (B/C) with 1.11. It implies that the feasibility of the project was reasonable. Furthermore, various research and policy to improve the economic efficiency of water recycling facilities is required to expand the use of water recycling facilities.

A Study on Real-Time Sports Activity Classification & Monitoring Using a Tri-axial Accelerometer (가속도 센서를 이용한 실시간 스포츠 동작 분류.모니터링에 관한 연구)

  • Kang, Dong-Won;Choi, Jin-Seung;Tack, Gye-Rae
    • Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.59-64
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    • 2008
  • D. W. KANG, J. S. CHOI, and G. R. TACK, A Study on Real-Time Sports Activity Classification & Monitoring Using a Tri-axial Accelerometer. Korean Jouranl of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 59-64, 2008. This study was conducted to study the real-time sports activity classification and monitoring using single waist mounted tri-axial accelerometer. This monitoring system detects events of sports activities such as walking, running, cycling, transitions between movements, resting and emergency event of falls. Accelerometer module was developed small and easily attachable on waist using wireless communication system which does not constrain sports activities. The sensor signal was transferred to PC and each movement pattern was classified using the developed algorithm in real-time environment. To evaluate proposed algorithm, experiment was performed with several sports activities such as walking, running, cycling movement for 100sec each and falls, transition movements(sit to stand, lie to stand, stand to sit, lie to sit, stand to lie and sit to lie) for 20 times each with 5 healthy subjects. The results showed that successful detection rate of the system for all activities was 95.4%. In this study, through sports activity monitoring. it was possible to classify accurate sports activities and to notify emergency event such as falls. For further study, the accurate energy consumption algorithm for each sports activity is under development.

A Study on the changes of electric change induced by Tanchim (彈鍼) manipulation during acupuncture therapy (자침시(刺鍼時) 탄침(彈鍼)의 수기자극(手技刺戟)이 전위변화(電位變化)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Kim, Yong-Deug;Kim, Young-Tae;Park, Sung-Sub;Park, Gwi-Jong;Sohn, In-Cheul;Kim, Kyung-Sik
    • Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.1-19
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    • 2004
  • Objectives : To understanding biological mechanism of acupuncture therapy, we have proposed a hypothesis. First of all, there exists electric property in meridian and meridian point. Second of all, energy flowing in meridian is related with electric property. Third of all, there is electronic interaction between the operator who performs acupuncture therapy and the receiver who is given acupuncture therapy. Forth of all, acupuncture effects may depend on the electric capacity which is transferred between the operator and the receiver via acupuncture needle. Methods : Under the hypothesis, we studied the effects of electric change in $ST_{37}(+)\;and\;ST_{39}(-)$ generated by Tanchim (彈鍼) manipulation which was stimulated at $ST_{36}$ point. And compared with data on the changes of electric change from the hand of the operator during acupuncture stimulation. Electric charge induced via acupuncture needle from the operator may be important factor that causes the changes of electric change in meridian and acupoint in the receiver. Therefore we investigated the changes of electric charge induced by the operator using Maclab 400 by the following methods. The one was in stable electric circle condition and the other was in unstable electric circle condition. Results : In this experiments, the changes of electric change from the stimulation type of Tanchim manipulation performed in our lab condition in acupuncture therapy was induced at least three factor, one was the difference of bio-potentials between the operator and the receiver of acupuncture therapy, another was the depth of acupuncture insertion from the skin of the receiver, the other was an electromyogram of the receiver. Conclusion : The data imply that the first factor should make a capacitance current when the operator touched the acupuncture needle which was inserted in the receiver. Therefore, the results suggest that capacitance currents stimulus in electronic view may be important factor in acupuncture therapy between the operator and the receiver of acupuncture therapy.

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Data Dissemination Protocol based on Home Agent and Access Node for Mobile Sink in Sensor Network (센서 네트워크에서 홈에이젼트와 액세스 노드에 기반한 모바일 싱크를 위한 데이터 전송 기법)

  • Lee, Joa-Hyoung;Jung, In-Bum
    • The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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    • v.15C no.5
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    • pp.383-390
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    • 2008
  • The mobile sink is most suitable to guarantee the real time processing to events in ubiquitous environment. However it brings many challenges to wireless sensor networks. In particular, the question of how to transfer the collected data to the mobile sink is an important topic in the aspect of effective management of wireless sensor nodes. In this paper, a new data dissemination model is proposed. Since this method uses the home agent and the access node concepts, it provides reliable and efficient data delivery to mobile sink with minimum overhead. In this proposed method, the information of the mobile sink which is constantly moving is informed only to the home agent node and the access node, instead of all sensor nodes. Thus, the collected data from sensor nodes are transferred to the fixed home agent and it sends these data to the mobile sink. Since the confliction phenomenon between data packets in wireless networks could be reduced, the success ratio of data arriving in the mobile sink is highly enhanced. In our experiments, the proposed method reduces the number of broadcast packets so that it saves the amount of energy consumed for transmitting and receiving the data packets. This effect contributes to prolong the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks operated by batteries.

Thermal Caracteristics of the Automobile Exhaust gas based Heat exchanger with various Exhaust gas Temperature and Mass flow rate (자동차 배기가스 유량 및 온도 변화에 따른 열전발전용 열교환기 발열량 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Dae-Wan;Ekanayake, Gihan;Lee, Moo-Yeon
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.15-20
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    • 2018
  • The objective of this study is to numerically investigate the thermal characteristics of an automobile exhaust-based heat exchanger for automotive thermoelectric power generation with various exhaust gas mass flow rates and temperatures. The heat exchanger for automotive thermoelectric power generation has a square-type pin installed inside, so the maximum amount of heat can be transferred to the thermoelectric element from the heat energy coming from the automobile exhaust gas. The exhaust gas mass flow rate changed from 0.01, to 0.02, to 0.03 kg/s, and the exhaust gas temperature changed from 400, to 450, to 500, to 550, to $600^{\circ}C$, respectively. A numerical simulation was conducted by using the commercial program ANSYS CFX v17.0. Consequently, the exhaust gas pressure difference between the inlet and the outlet of the heat exchanger is determined according to the flow rate of the exhaust gas. When the mass flow rate of the exhaust gas increased, the pressure difference between the inlet and the outlet of the heat exchanger increased, but the exhaust gas pressure difference between the inlet of the heat exchanger and the outlet did not vary with the exhaust gas temperature. Therefore, in order to obtain the maximum surface temperature from the heat exchanger, the exhaust gas mass flow rate should be lower, and the exhaust gas temperature should be higher.

A Study on Separation Control by Local Suction in Front of a Hemisphere in Laminar Flow (층류경계층 내 반구 전방의 국부적인 흡입에 의한 표면 박리 제어)

  • Kang, Yong-Duck;An, Nam-Hyun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.92-100
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    • 2018
  • Vortical systems are considered a main feature to sustain turbulence in a boundary layer through interaction. Such turbulent structures result in frictional drag and erosion or vibration in engineering applications. Research for controlling turbulent flow has been actively carried out, but in order to show the effect of vortices in a turbulent boundary layer, it is necessary to clarify the mechanism by which turbulent energy is transferred. For this purpose, it is convenient to demonstrate and capture phenomena in a laminar boundary layer. Therefore, in this study, the interactions of disturbed flow around a hemisphere on a flat plate in laminar flow were analyzed. In other words, a street of hairpin vortices was generated following a wake region formed after flow separation occurred over a hemisphere. Necklace vortices surrounding the hemisphere also appeared due to a strong adverse pressure gradient that brought high momentum fluid into the wake region thereby leading to an increase in the frequency of hairpin vortices. To mitigate the effect of these necklace vortices, local suction control was applied through a hole in front of the hemisphere. Flow visualization was recorded to qualitatively determine flow modifications, and hot-film measurements quantitatively supported conclusions on how much the power of the hairpin vortices was reduced by local wall suction.