• BMB Reports
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2013

Transcutaneous immunization refers to the topical application of antigens onto the epidermis. Transcutaneous immunization targeting the Langerhans cells of the skin has received much attention due to its safe, needle-free, and noninvasive antigen delivery. The skin has important immunological functions with unique roles for antigen-presenting cells such as epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells. In recent years, novel vaccine delivery strategies have continually been developed; however, transcutaneous immunization has not yet been fully exploited due to the penetration barrier represented by the stratum corneum, which inhibits the transport of antigens and adjuvants. Herein we review recent achievements in transcutaneous immunization, focusing on the various strategies for the enhancement of antigen delivery and vaccination efficacy.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.29-35
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to compare acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(ALTENS) with conventional transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(C-TENS) for crossover effect in healthy subjects. Forty subjects recieved ALTENS(20 persons), C-TENS(20 persons) to one upper extremity. Each technic was applied to the motor point of the wrist extensor muscle group for twenty-minutes. With the subject placed in supine the technics were applied at 80 Hz, 2-10 mA(ALTENS) and 10 Hz, 4-12 mA(C-TENS). Results revealed: (1) a significant difference between the pretreatment and posttreatment in each group(p<.05) (2) no significant difference between ALTENS and C-TENS(p>.05). In conclusion, there was no difference between ALTENS and C-TENS for crossover effect.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.401-406
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• 2010

Recently, many implantable medical devices have been developed and manufactured in many countries. In these devices, generally, energy is supplied by a transcutaneous method to avoid the skin penetration due to the power wires. As the most transcutaneous power transmission methods, the electromagnetic coupling between two coils and resonance at a specific frequency has been used widely. However, in case of a transcutaneous power transmitter with a fixed switching frequency to drive an electromagnetic coil, inefficient power transmission and thermal damage by the undesirable current variation may occur, because the electromagnetic coupling state between a primary coil and a secondary coil is very sensitive to skin thickness of each applied position and by person. In order to overcome these defects, a transcutaneous power transmitter of which operating frequency can be automatically tracked into the resonance frequency at each environment has been designed and implemented. Through the results of experiments for different coil surroundings, we have been demonstrated that the implemented transcutaneous power transmitter can track automatically into a varied resonance frequency according to arbitrary skin thickness change.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 2002

Prostaglandins are generated through two isoforms of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, constitutively expressed cyclooxygenase(COX)-1 and COX-2, which is induced at sites of inflammation. Inhibition of COX-2 is desirable as this may avoid side effects seen with NSAIDs. We examined the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and cold therapy on the levels of muscle cycloooxygenase-2 mRNA in rats of carrageenan-induced inflammatory. The method of behavioral assessment were paw withdrawal latency(PWL) and tail flick test(TFT). The COX-2 mRNA levels were quantified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Following the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and cold therapy, PWL and TFT were increased and COX-2 mRNA expression in gastrocnemius muscles were decreased. These results suggest that a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and cold therapy were good therapy for a muscle pain.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1991.10a
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• pp.762-767
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• 1991

To make electromechanical total artificial heart implantable inside the body, transcutaneous energy transmission system was designed and simulated by using PSPICE program. The fabricated system was evaluated by using Mock circulation system and showed comparable performance with the D.C power supply

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.711-712
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• 2007

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.155-159
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• 2005

As a part of implantable device in body, a transcutaneous energy transmission system has been developed. It would be desirable to tansfer electrical energy to implantable devices transcutaneously. The distance between transcutaneous transformer windings are approximately equal to the thickness of the human's skin, nominally between 10$\~$20 mm. Class-E resonant amplifier is used to drive a primary coil for high efficiency. Maximum current is above 50 mA at any frequency. The developed system shows that the circuit operates correctly at each frequency; 500 kHz, 1 MHz and 4 MHz.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2002.11c
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• pp.407-410
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• 2002

As a part of electro-mechanical totally implantable artificial heart, a transcutaneous energy transmission system has been developed. By mutual magnetic induction between the first coil on the skin and the subcutaneously implanted second coil, the system transfers electrical power through the skin. This research aimed a minimizing the size of the implanted part as well as maximizing the transfer efficiency. When an air gap is 1$\sim$2cm, voltage gain and current gain low and it is hard to transfer energy due to large leakage flux. That is, the required input voltage and input current must be large compared with the output voltage and output current, respectively, This paper research the inverter topology and the control method in order to increase the voltage gain and the current gain. For this purpose, this inverter employs double tune to compensate the large leakage inductance of primary and secondary of the transcutaneous transformer. And the output energy of transcutaneous energy transmission system supply for Lithium-ion battery charger.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influnce of afferent stimuli, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and ultra sound, on the electrdiagnostic study of normal subjects. Electrodiagnostic study was performed before and after the application of afferent stimulation of the right popliteal fossa on 18 healthy female volunteers. After the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, there is no significantly change of latencies and amplitudes of SEP, H-reflex, peroneal nerve F-wave, and sensory nerve conduction. After the ultra sound, there is no significantly change of latencies and amplitudes of SEP, H-reflex, peroneal nerve F-wave, and sensory nerve conduction. Tibial nope F-wave and motor nerve shows prolonged latency after TENS and US (p<0.01). Ultrasound may have a similar mechanism of action compared to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation by having localized inhibitory effects of the peripheral nerve. However, further investigation is needed to assess their mechanism of action and the precise relevance of stimulation modality.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.422-428
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• 2012

The present study purposed to examine the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, self-stretching and functional massage on the recovery of muscle contraction force for muscle fatigue caused by sustained isotonic contraction. The subjects of this study were 45 healthy students. They were divided into transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation group(n=15), self-stretching group(n=15) and functional massage group(n=15), and using Primus RS. We observed the pattern of changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction force(MVIC) after causing muscle fatigue in quadriceps femoris muscle through sustained isotonic contraction. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction force(MVIC) were greatly increased after transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, self-stretching and functional massage. In the comparison of recovery rate of muscle contraction force for muscle fatigue caused by sustained isotonic contraction among the treatment groups, it did not show any significant differences. However, it showed that each treatment may be effective in recovery of muscle fatigue caused by sustained isotonic contraction.