• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.30
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• pp.69-84
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• 1996

The main current of ancient Korean thought is based on Yuk(易) : which solves the principle of creation of universe letter(文字) which is the principle of geometry and three elements thought of circle square . It's related to the creation principle of the universe and regarded as a sign that demons-trates shows the way to read the mathematical principle. The original form of Korean clothes(Han-Bock, 韓服) is represents the structure of hu-man body which reflects a small universe. So a good structure and meaning of the human body is well read in the formation of Korean clothes(Han-Bock, 韓服) and that is a good symbolization of the clothes(Han-Bock, 韓服) as the space of small universe. The good formation of Korean clothes(Han-Bock, 韓服) could be shown by cutting out straight bending twisting and turning each straitly cutting piece is applied to its trans-tormation. Geametical formation with obvious sym-metric dividing of front-back left-right and top-bottom is well shown in Korean clothes by twisting Yuk(易) or m bius strips. So we can find out whole formation by representing only either 'front and back' or 'left and right' and also sa-pok(사폭) of man's trousers seop(섶) of jeo-go-ri(short jacket 저고리) kyut-ma-gi(곁마기) of Sam-hwai-jang jeo-go-ri (삼회장 저고리), mu(무) of jig-ryung(straight collar and long and wide sleeved robe, 直領) trouser wide and ga-rae-ba-dae(가래바대) of dan-cok-kok(woman's under trousers). The formation line of Korean clothes(Han-Bock, 韓服) is based on theprinciple of unlimited m bius strips by twisting of turning direction from universal principle and original basic form is not changd even by turning in-side out. Unity of the whole and part in Korean clothes(Han-Bock, 韓服) could be found in nonorientable thought(非始原思想) which represents the unity and dependence kil(길) of jeo-go-ri(short jacket, 저고리) and po(long and wide sleeved robe, 袍). Selva-gewise(식서방향) of sleeves and seam of out-side of kil(길) and outside of seop(섶) are directed to outside of seop(섶) inside of seop(섶) is to kil and direction of inseam of kheut-dong(끝동) and kyut-ma-gi(곁마기) is directed to sleeves. Korean clothes(Han-Bock, 韓服) is usually made by cutting fabric for several parts and sewing them and the way to make Korean clothes is deeply related to the theory of chon-pu-kyung jong-il and il-seok -sam-geuk. As the development of men's consciousness is pro-gressed from total separation to separation and superseparation. Sewing process of korean clothes(Han-Bock, 韓服) can be make single dimension to double or triple dimension of korean clothes(Han-Bock, 韓服) silhoutte bacause it can be include principle of topology as noneuclity.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.191-202
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• 2004

82 species of Korean medicinal plants were measured to their SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity, total phenol and individual phenol compounds. The SOD activity of medicinal plants was varied from 3.67% to 48.3%, and especially, 4 species including Polygala tenuifolia Willd. showed activity over 40% higher than other species. The 16 individual phenol compounds concentrations have a severe variation in medicinal plants. Codonopsis lanceolata is the highest concentration $(12,176\;{\mu}g/g)$, and 10 species including Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch were showed to concentrations more than $1,000\;{\mu}g/g$. And also, salicylic acid was generally found in many plants, but trans-cinnamic acid, naringenin and kampferol was little found in plants. The total phenol by Folin-Dennis methods showed a respectively variation $(3{\sim}249.731\;{\mu}g/g)$ in 82 medicinal plants, and 7 species including Astragalus membranaceus showed low total phenol concentrations less than $10\;{\mu}g/g$. In conclusion, we expect that selecting medicinal plants with high biological activity might develop to chemicals related to antioxidants, as well as these become most popular substance at many industrial materials, and suggest to more researchs in future.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.7-18
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Miso facial acupuncture on facial reduction and improvement of skin condition. Methods : From March to May 2012, 20 women in their twenties to forties with no facial diseases were recruited. Miso facial acupuncture was performed on the both side of their face twice a week, total seven times. The 3D face photographs of each participant were checked 5 times ; before treatment, after 1st treatment, 4th treatment, 7th treatment and 10 days from the last treatment using RS-400FL(Morpheus Co. Korea) and REAL FACE. The surface distances of the 4 lines on the face were measured using Renai MEF program. The improvement of skin condition was evaluated by water content, trans epidermal water loss(TEWL), erythema index and melanin index using MPA 5. They were checked 4 times ; before treatment, 4th treatment, 7th treatment and after 10 days from the last treatment. We analyzed data using Paired t-test(p<0.05) and Wilcoxon signed rank test(p<0.05). Results : One case was dropped out due to pain and edema after 4th treatment. The surface distances of the 4 lines on face were significantly reduced and maintained after 10 days from last treatment. Water content was significantly increased and maintained after 10 days from last treatment. TEWL was significantly decreased. Erythema index was significantly decreased from the 3rd evaluations. Melanin index was slight decreased with no significance at the 2nd evaluations. Conclusions : These results show that Miso facial acupuncture can reduce sizes of the face and improve skin condition such as water content, TEWL and erythema index except melanin index.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 1989

The is a retrospective study on the transoral approach to open reduction of the Mandibular fractures. Our study was based on a series of 64 patients with mandibular fractures among 99 patients of facial bone fractures who had been treated by transoral approach with or without extraoral approach at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yonsei Medical Center, Yonsei University from January 1981 to October 1988. We studied favorite sites of open reduction, fixation methods, results and prognosis related to transoral approaches of Mandibular fractures, and which compared with extraoral approaches. The results obtained are as follows : 1. The transoral open reduction was used more frequently in Mandibular fractures(64.6%) than Midfacial bone fractures(35.4%). Among 64 patients of mandibular fractures, 47 patients(73.4%) were treated only by transoral approach and others(26.6%) were treated by both trans- and extra-oral approach. Among 92 sites of mandibular fractures, 75 sites(81.5%) were treated by transoral approach and 17(18.5%) were treated by extraoral approach. 2. The most favorite site for transoral approach compared with extraoral approach was Symphysis(100%), and Angle(62.5%) was next in order of frequency on Mandibular fractures. 3. Direct Interosseous Wiring(DIW) was most commonly used for fixation(64.6%) and Miniplate osteosynthesis was used next in 28.1%. 4. Simple(39.1%) and Compound(52.2%) fractures were frequently indicated for transoral approach, however comminuted fractures were rarely indicated. 5. The direction of fracture lines on Angle of the mandible did not influence to determine whether transoral approach should be selected or not. However this area seemed to be more difficult to reduce exactly by transoral procedure than other areas because simultaneous superior and inferior fixation was applied predominantly on this area. 6. The success rate of reduction and fixation analyzed from us was more excellent in Direct Interosseous Wiring(29/53=54.7%) than in Rigid Internal Fixation(9/29=31.0%). But it might be depended upon various factors as like as sugeon's skill. 7. The postoperative complication due to transoral open reduction of mandible was not high(12.0%) and this rate was similar with other published reports.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.228-241
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• 1997

Today's healthcare environment is changing, driven by demographic, environmental, social, political and technological forces. These rapidly changing healthcare environment and increasingly professional nursing practice indicate that identifying leadership characteristic of nursing leaders and executives is a vital importance in today's time and also mandate innovative leadership for nursing service. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examined the transformational, transactional leadership styles of the Nurse Administrators. Also described are the relationships between these leadership styles and the job satisfaction. the organizational commitment of their subordinates. The sample consisted of sixteen mid-level nurse administrators, fifty head nurses and one hundred aid fifty-three staff nurses of 4 public & private University Hospitals and 1 General Hospital. Data for this study was collected from Sep. 20 to Oct. 5 by Questionnaire(Bass' MLQ, Job Satisfaction scale developed by Paula(1978), Organizational Commitment scale by Peter et at(1979). The data was analyzed by frequency, percentage, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient with SPSS PC/sup ＋/ program. Major findings are as follows : Appropriate one-way ANOVA tests revealed that the differences for transformational and transactional leadership styles of nurse executives. mid-level nurse administrators, head nurses as perceived by their immediate subordinates were statistically significant(P<.05), The scores of transformational and contingent reward behaviors were declined of the mid-level nurse administrators, nurse executives. The transactional scores of nurse administrators were lower than trans- formational ones, which is a desirable findings. The result of this study, the head nurses were perceived as the highest transformational leader by their subordinates, and second was the mid-level nurse administrators. The nurse executives received the lowest transformational leadership scores from their subordinates. These results were opposit to the previous studies. And significant positive correlations were founded between transformational leadership including charisma, intellectual stimulation, individual consideration and contingent reward of nurse administrators and the job satisfaction, the organizational commitment of their subordinates. From the data, it can be concluded that transformational leadership style of nurse administrators promotes the job satisfaction, the organizational commitment of thier staff nurses. Therefore leader looks for potential motives in subordinates, seeks to satisfy higher need, and engages the full person of the subordinate resulting in a relationship of mutual stimulation and elevation.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

Opioid receptors have been pharmacologically classified as ${\mu}$, ${\delta}$, ${\kappa}$ and ${\varepsilon}$. We have recently reported that the antinociceptive effect of morphine (a ${\mu}$-opioid receptor agonist), but not that of ${\beta}$-endorphin (a novel ${\mu}/{\varepsilon}$-opioid receptor agonist), is attenuated by whole body irradiation (WBI). It is unclear at present whether WBI has differential effects on the antinociceptive effects of ${\mu}-$, ${\delta}-$, ${\kappa}-$ and ${\varepsilon}$-opioid receptor agonists. In our current experiments, male ICR mice were exposed to WBI (5Gy) from a $^{60}Co$ gamma-source and the antinociceptive effects of opioid receptor agonists were assessed two hours later using the hot water ($52^{\circ}C$) tail-immersion test. Morphine and $D-Ala^2$, $N-Me-Phe^4$, Gly-olenkephalin (DAMGO), [$D-Pen^2-D-Pen^5$] enkephalin (DPDPE), trans-3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl]-benzeneacetamide (U50,488H), and ${\beta}$-endorphin were tested as agonists for ${\mu}$, ${\delta}$, ${\kappa}$, and ${\varepsilon}$-opioid receptors, respectively. WBI significantly attenuated the antinociceptive effects of morphine and DAMGO, but increased those of ${\beta}$-endorphin. The antinociceptive effects of DPDPE and U50,488H were not affected by WBI. In addition, to more preciously understand the differential effects of WBI on ${\mu}-$ and ${\varepsilon}$-opioid receptor agonists, we assessed pretreatment effects of ${\beta}$-funaltrexamine (${\beta}$-FNA, a ${\mu}$-opioid receptor antagonist) or ${\beta}$-$endorphin_{1-27}$ (${\beta}$-$EP_{1-27}$, an ${\varepsilon}$-opioid receptor antagonist), and found that pretreatment with ${\beta}$-FNA significantly attenuated the antinociceptive effects of morphine and ${\beta}$-endorphin by WBI. ${\beta}$-$EP_{1-27}$ significantly reversed the attenuation of morphine by WBI and significantly attenuated the increased effects of ${\beta}$-endorphin by WBI. The results demonstrate differential sensitivities of opioid receptors to WBI, especially for ${\mu}-$ and ${\varepsilon}$-opioid receptors.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.135-143
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• 2001

Purpose : To evaluate the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid on radiosensitivity and radiation-induced apoptosis in NHOK, HEp-2 and FaDu cell lines. Material and Methods: We measured the changes in survival fraction at 2 Gy (SF2), α and β after treatment of retinoic acid (1μM) prior to irradiation with doses of 2, 4, 6 and 10 Gy and correlated the radiosensitizing effect of retinoic acid with them. Also, apoptosis induction was assayed with the flow cytometry on days 1,2, 3, 4 and 5 after irradiation (2, 10 and 20 Gy) combined with retinoic acid. Results and Conclusion: SF2 values for NHOK, HEp-2 and FaDu cell lines were 0.54, 0.64 and 0.41, respectively and the cell line of FaDu was the most radiosensitive. For cell lines of NHOK and HEp-2, pretreatment of cells with retinoic acid resulted in a significant decrease of the SF2 values. The α/β ratios of x-ray survival curve were 8.714 (NHOK), 4.098 (HEp-2) and 11.79 (FaDu). The α/β ratio for NHOK decreased on pretreatment with retinoic acid, whereas those for HEp-2 and FaDu increased. Radiation induced apoptosis in all cell lines but, retinoic acid did not affect the apoptosis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1712-1720
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• 2012

We investigated the effect of the amount of body condition loss in the dry period and early lactation in 42 high-yielding Holstein-Friesian cows on milk yield and the share of fatty acids in milk fat. Energy reserves were estimated based on the body condition scoring (BCS) and backfat thickness (BFT). Milk yield and milk composition were determined over 305-d lactation. From d 6 to 60 of lactation, the concentrations of 43 fatty acids in milk fat were determined by gas chromatography. Cows were categorized based on body condition loss from the beginning of the dry period to the lowest point of the BCS curve in early lactation into three groups: low condition loss group (L) ${\leq}0.5$ points (n = 14); moderate condition loss group (M) 0.75 to 1.0 points (n = 16) and high condition loss group (H) >1.0 points (n = 12). Cows whose body energy reserves were mobilized at 0.8 BCS and 11 mm BFT, produced 12,987 kg ECM over 305-d lactation, i.e. 1,429 kg ECM more than cows whose BCS and BFT decreased by 0.3 and 5 mm, respectively. In group H, milk yield reached 12,818 kg ECM at body fat reserve mobilization of 1.3 BCS and 17 mm BFT. High mobilization of body fat reserves led to a significant (approx. 5%) increase in the concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids-MUFA (mostly $C_{18:1}$ cis-9, followed by $C_{18:1}$ trans-11), a significant decrease in the levels of fatty acids adversely affecting human health, and a drop in the content of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in milk fat. In successive weeks of lactation, an improved energy balance contributed to a decrease in the concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and an increase in the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk fat.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2005

The optimum salinity and the effects of rapid salinity change on oxygen consumption and ammonia nitrogen excretion were examined in River Puffer Takifugu obscrus (total length 9.5$\pm$0.9 cm, total weight 18.7$\pm$5.4 g). Fish examined at the different transfer medium salinity (2, 12, 22 and 32 psu) after 2 months of acclimation period at each salinities. The routine metabolic rates of River puffer are shown as parabola equation, $Y=-0.0873X^2+0.6384X-0.690$ for oxygen consumption and $Y=-2.1667X^2+7.1672X+31.999$ for ammonia nitrogen excretion with the salinity medium at 2, 12. 22 and 32 psu. The oxygen consumption and ammonia nitrogen excretion of River puffer trans-ferred to the low salinity medium (2 and 12 psu) showed significantly difference in each salinities rearing groups than to salinity of 22 and 32 psu. Fish has a diurnal rhythm in relate to feeding, it was showed that the peak of oxygen consumption appeared at 3 hours after feeding and the ammonia nitrogen excretion rate reached maximum 4 hours after feeding. These results may indicate that the optimum salinity for rearing of River puffer is 22 psu based on growth and feed conversion ratio. The rapid change of medium salinity had no effects on the oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion in River puffer based on this experiment.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.27-35
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• 2008

This work proposes a 14b 150MS/s 0.13um CMOS ADC for SDR systems requiring simultaneously high resolution, low power, and small size at high speed. The proposed ADC employs a calibration-free four-step pipeline architecture optimizing the scaling factor for the input trans-conductance of amplifiers and the sampling capacitance in each stage to minimize thermal noise effects and power consumption at the target resolution and sampling rate. A signal- insensitive 3-D fully symmetric layout achieves a 14b level resolution by reducing a capacitor mismatch of three MDACs. The proposed supply- and temperature- insensitive current and voltage references with on-chip RC filters minimizing the effect of switching noise are implemented with off-chip C filters. The prototype ADC in a 0.13um 1P8M CMOS technology demonstrates a measured DNL and INL within 0.81LSB and 2.83LSB, at 14b, respectively. The ADC shows a maximum SNDR of 64dB and 61dB and a maximum SFDR of 71dB and 70dB at 120MS/s and 150MS/s, respectively. The ADC with an active die area of $2.0mm^2$ consumes 140mW at 150MS/s and 1.2V.