• Title/Summary/Keyword: Traffic Flow Model

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Capacity Estimation Models for Work-zones Under Traffic Signal Influence and the Empirical Validation (신호영향권 하 도로공사구간에서의 용량산정모형 개발과 실증)

  • Shin, Chi-Hyun
    • Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.77-86
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    • 2013
  • This paper focuses on the development of analytical models for estimating the changes in saturation flow rates (SFR) at the stop-lines of a signalized intersection due to the existence of nearby work-zones, and thereby calculating the prevailing capacity values for specific lane groups. Major changes were incorporated in the logics of previous models and significant revisions have been made to secure the accuracy and simplicity. Furthermore, much attention was paid to model validation by making comparisons to both extensive simulation results and empirical data from various sites. It was found that SFRs are highly sensitive to the location of work-zones, the distance to each work-zone from the stop-line of a concerned approach, the number of lanes open and closed, and the effective green time. Using such geometric and operating conditions that constitute work-zone environment, the proposed models successfully estimated SFR values with a miniscule margin of error.

A Case Study on Near-Cloud Turbulence around the Mesoscale Convective System in the Korean Peninsula (한반도에서 발생한 중규모 대류계의 구름 주변 난류 발생 메커니즘 사례 연구)

  • Sung-Il Yang;Ju Heon Lee;Jung-Hoon Kim
    • Atmosphere
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.153-176
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    • 2024
  • At 0843 UTC 30 May 2021, a commercial aircraft encountered severe turbulence at z = 11.5 km associated with the rapid development of Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) in the Gyeonggi Bay of Korea. To investigate the generation mechanisms of Near-Cloud Turbulence (NCT) near the MCS, Weather Research and Forecasting model was used to reproduce key features at multiple-scales with four nested domains (the finest ∆x = 0.2 km) and 112 hybrid vertical layers. Simulated subgrid-scale turbulent kinetic energy (SGS TKE) was located in three different regions of the MCS. First, the simulated NCT with non-zero SGS TKE at z = 11.5 km at 0835 UTC was collocated with the reported NCT. Cloud-induced flow deformation and entrainment process on the downstream of the overshooting top triggered convective instability and subsequent SGS TKE. Second, at z = 16.5 km at 0820 UTC, the localized SGS TKE was found 4 km above the overshooting cloud top. It was attributed to breaking down of vertically propagating convectively-induced gravity wave at background critical level. Lastly, SGS TKE was simulated at z = 11.5 km at 0930 UTC during the dissipating stage of MCS. Upper-level anticyclonic outflow of MCS intensified the environmental westerlies, developing strong vertical wind shear on the northeastern quadrant of the dissipating MCS. Three different generation mechanisms suggest the avoidance guidance for the possible NCT events near the entire period of the MCS in the heavy air traffic area around Incheon International Airport in Korea.

Analysis of BWIM Signal Variation Due to Different Vehicle Travelling Conditions Using Field Measurement and Numerical Analysis (수치해석 및 현장계측을 통한 차량주행조건에 따른 BWIM 신호 변화 분석)

  • Lee, Jung-Whee
    • Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.79-85
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    • 2011
  • Bridge Weigh-in-Motion(BWIM) system calculates a travelling vehicle's weight without interruption of traffic flow by analyzing the signals that are acquired from various sensors installed in the bridge. BWIM system or data accumulated from the BWIM system can be utilized to development of updated live load model for highway bridge design, fatigue load model for estimation of remaining life of bridges, etc. Field test with moving trucks including various load cases should be performed to guarantee successful development of precise BWIM system. In this paper, a numerical simulation technique is adopted as an alternative or supplement to the vehicle traveling test that is indispensible but expensive in time and budget. The constructed numerical model is validated by comparison experimentally measured signal with numerically generated signal. Also vehicles with various dynamic characteristics and travelling conditions are considered in numerical simulation to investigate the variation of bridge responses. Considered parameters in the numerical study are vehicle velocity, natural frequency of the vehicle, height of entry bump, and lateral position of the vehicle. By analyzing the results, it is revealed that the lateral position and natural frequency of the vehicle should be considered to increase precision of developing BWIM system. Since generation of vehicle travelling signal by the numerical simulation technique costs much less than field test, a large number of test parameters can effectively be considered to validate the developed BWIM algorithm. Also, when artificial neural network technique is applied, voluminous data set required for training and testing of the neural network can be prepared by numerical generation. Consequently, proposed numerical simulation technique may contribute to improve precision and performance of BWIM systems.

Modeling End-to-End Throughput of Multiple Flows and Efficient Route Selection in Wireless Mesh Networks (무선 메쉬 네트워크에서의 다중 트래픽 흐름을 위한 종단간 처리량 모델링 및 효율적인 라우팅 경로 선택 기법)

  • Wang, Xiaofei;Kwon, Ted Tae-Kyoung;Choi, Yang-Hee
    • Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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    • v.37 no.4
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    • pp.272-283
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    • 2010
  • Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have gained a lot of attention recently. Based on the characteristic of WMNs as a highly connected wireless infrastructure, many efforts from research organizations are made in order to improve the performance of the flow throughput in WMNs. Therefore, it is very critical issue to establish efficient routing paths for multiple concurrent ongoing flows. In this paper, we propose a general modeling methodology to analyze the end-to-end throughput of multiple concurrent flows by analytical calculation taking into account the carrier sensing behaviors, interference and the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function mechanism. After the comparison of the average service time for each successful transmission at each node, we analyze the bottlenecks of flows, and hence obtain the maximum end-to-end throughput of them. By using our proposed model, it is possible to predicate the throughput of several candidate routing paths for multiple concurrent ongoing data flows, so we can select the most efficient route that can achieve the highest throughput. We carry out simulations with various traffic patterns of multiple flows in WMNs to validate our modeling and our efficient route selection mechanism.

Modified Approaches to Delay Estimation for the Work Zones in the Proximity of the Signalized Intersections (공사구간이 있는 신호교차로의 지체산정을 위한 새로운 접근)

  • Shin, Chi-Hyun
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.38 no.2
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    • pp.269-281
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    • 2018
  • Unlike its archetype predecessor such as the Highway Capacity Manual of the United States, the Korean Highway Capacity Manual of 2013 provides the analytical models for estimating the saturation flow rates for the lane-occupying work-zones in the proximity of the signalized intersections. Direct application of the revised saturation flow rates into the classic control delay models, however, appears to produce unreasonable delay amount as traffic demand approaches lane-group capacities and surpasses them, which is common phenomena in the work-zones. Complex interaction among vehicles, lane-dropping work-zone geometry and signal operations were never accounted in the traditional control delay models, and considerable differences between the delay model outcomes and field observations are repeatedly experienced. This paper proposes the modified approaches to the delay models in the manual, exerted on all three elements of control delay, and particularly focuses on the temporal and spatial boundary expansion in comparing the simulated results to the estimated ones. Extensive microscopic simulation work and calibration effort supports the modified approaches well enough to use them in the work-zone planning and evaluation.

A Integrated Model of Land/Transportation System

  • 이상용
    • Proceedings of the KOR-KST Conference
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    • 1995.12a
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    • pp.45-73
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    • 1995
  • The current paper presents a system dynamics model which can generate the land use anq transportation system performance simultaneously is proposed. The model system consists of 7 submodels (population, migration of population, household, job growth-employment-land availability, housing development, travel demand, and traffic congestion level), and each of them is designed based on the causality functions and feedback loop structure between a large number of physical, socio-economic, and policy variables. The important advantages of the system dynamics model are as follows. First, the model can address the complex interactions between land use and transportation system performance dynamically. Therefore, it can be an effective tool for evaluating the time-by-time effect of a policy over time horizons. Secondly, the system dynamics model is not relied on the assumption of equilibrium state of urban systems as in conventional models since it determines the state of model components directly through dynamic system simulation. Thirdly, the system dynamics model is very flexible in reflecting new features, such as a policy, a new phenomenon which has not existed in the past, a special event, or a useful concept from other methodology, since it consists of a lots of separated equations. In Chapter I, II, and III, overall approach and structure of the model system are discussed with causal-loop diagrams and major equations. In Chapter V _, the performance of the developed model is applied to the analysis of the impact of highway capacity expansion on land use for the area of Montgomery County, MD. The year-by-year impacts of highway capacity expansion on congestion level and land use are analyzed with some possible scenarios for the highway capacity expansion. This is a first comprehensive attempt to use dynamic system simulation modeling in simultaneous treatment of land use and transportation system interactions. The model structure is not very elaborate mainly due to the problem of the availability of behavioral data, but the model performance results indicate that the proposed approach can be a promising one in dealing comprehensively with complicated urban land use/transportation system.

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Predicting Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Incoming Traffic Flow at Signalized Intersections by Using Image Detector Data (영상검지자료를 활용한 신호교차로 접근차량의 탄소배출량 추정)

  • Taekyung Han;Joonho Ko;Daejin Kim;Jonghan Park
    • The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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    • v.21 no.6
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    • pp.115-131
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    • 2022
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the transportation sector in South Korea accounts for 16.5% of all CO2 emissions, and road transportation accounts for 96.5% of this sector's emissions in South Korea. Hence, constant research is being carried out on methods to reduce CO2 emissions from this sector. With the emerging use of smart crossings, attempts to monitor individual vehicles are increasing. Moreover, the potential commercial deployment of autonomous vehicles increases the possibility of obtaining individual vehicle data. As such, CO2 emission research was conducted at five signalized intersections in the Gangnam District, Seoul, using data such as vehicle type, speed, acceleration, etc., obtained from image detectors located at each intersection. The collected data were then applied to the MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES)-Matrix model-which was developed to obtain second-by-second vehicle activity data and analyze daily CO2 emissions from the studied intersections. After analyzing two large and three small intersections, the results indicated that 3.1 metric tons of CO2 were emitted per day at each intersection. This study reveals a new possibility of analyzing CO2 emissions using actual individual vehicle data using an improved analysis model. This study also emphasizes the importance of more accurate CO2 emission analyses.

Development of the forecasting model for import volume by item of major countries based on economic, industrial structural and cultural factors: Focusing on the cultural factors of Korea (경제적, 산업구조적, 문화적 요인을 기반으로 한 주요 국가의 한국 품목별 수입액 예측 모형 개발: 한국의, 한국에 대한 문화적 요인을 중심으로)

  • Jun, Seung-pyo;Seo, Bong-Goon;Park, Do-Hyung
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.23-48
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    • 2021
  • The Korean economy has achieved continuous economic growth for the past several decades thanks to the government's export strategy policy. This increase in exports is playing a leading role in driving Korea's economic growth by improving economic efficiency, creating jobs, and promoting technology development. Traditionally, the main factors affecting Korea's exports can be found from two perspectives: economic factors and industrial structural factors. First, economic factors are related to exchange rates and global economic fluctuations. The impact of the exchange rate on Korea's exports depends on the exchange rate level and exchange rate volatility. Global economic fluctuations affect global import demand, which is an absolute factor influencing Korea's exports. Second, industrial structural factors are unique characteristics that occur depending on industries or products, such as slow international division of labor, increased domestic substitution of certain imported goods by China, and changes in overseas production patterns of major export industries. Looking at the most recent studies related to global exchanges, several literatures show the importance of cultural aspects as well as economic and industrial structural factors. Therefore, this study attempted to develop a forecasting model by considering cultural factors along with economic and industrial structural factors in calculating the import volume of each country from Korea. In particular, this study approaches the influence of cultural factors on imports of Korean products from the perspective of PUSH-PULL framework. The PUSH dimension is a perspective that Korea develops and actively promotes its own brand and can be defined as the degree of interest in each country for Korean brands represented by K-POP, K-FOOD, and K-CULTURE. In addition, the PULL dimension is a perspective centered on the cultural and psychological characteristics of the people of each country. This can be defined as how much they are inclined to accept Korean Flow as each country's cultural code represented by the country's governance system, masculinity, risk avoidance, and short-term/long-term orientation. The unique feature of this study is that the proposed final prediction model can be selected based on Design Principles. The design principles we presented are as follows. 1) A model was developed to reflect interest in Korea and cultural characteristics through newly added data sources. 2) It was designed in a practical and convenient way so that the forecast value can be immediately recalled by inputting changes in economic factors, item code and country code. 3) In order to derive theoretically meaningful results, an algorithm was selected that can interpret the relationship between the input and the target variable. This study can suggest meaningful implications from the technical, economic and policy aspects, and is expected to make a meaningful contribution to the export support strategies of small and medium-sized enterprises by using the import forecasting model.

Edge to Edge Model and Delay Performance Evaluation for Autonomous Driving (자율 주행을 위한 Edge to Edge 모델 및 지연 성능 평가)

  • Cho, Moon Ki;Bae, Kyoung Yul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.191-207
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    • 2021
  • Up to this day, mobile communications have evolved rapidly over the decades, mainly focusing on speed-up to meet the growing data demands of 2G to 5G. And with the start of the 5G era, efforts are being made to provide such various services to customers, as IoT, V2X, robots, artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality, and smart cities, which are expected to change the environment of our lives and industries as a whole. In a bid to provide those services, on top of high speed data, reduced latency and reliability are critical for real-time services. Thus, 5G has paved the way for service delivery through maximum speed of 20Gbps, a delay of 1ms, and a connecting device of 106/㎢ In particular, in intelligent traffic control systems and services using various vehicle-based Vehicle to X (V2X), such as traffic control, in addition to high-speed data speed, reduction of delay and reliability for real-time services are very important. 5G communication uses high frequencies of 3.5Ghz and 28Ghz. These high-frequency waves can go with high-speed thanks to their straightness while their short wavelength and small diffraction angle limit their reach to distance and prevent them from penetrating walls, causing restrictions on their use indoors. Therefore, under existing networks it's difficult to overcome these constraints. The underlying centralized SDN also has a limited capability in offering delay-sensitive services because communication with many nodes creates overload in its processing. Basically, SDN, which means a structure that separates signals from the control plane from packets in the data plane, requires control of the delay-related tree structure available in the event of an emergency during autonomous driving. In these scenarios, the network architecture that handles in-vehicle information is a major variable of delay. Since SDNs in general centralized structures are difficult to meet the desired delay level, studies on the optimal size of SDNs for information processing should be conducted. Thus, SDNs need to be separated on a certain scale and construct a new type of network, which can efficiently respond to dynamically changing traffic and provide high-quality, flexible services. Moreover, the structure of these networks is closely related to ultra-low latency, high confidence, and hyper-connectivity and should be based on a new form of split SDN rather than an existing centralized SDN structure, even in the case of the worst condition. And in these SDN structural networks, where automobiles pass through small 5G cells very quickly, the information change cycle, round trip delay (RTD), and the data processing time of SDN are highly correlated with the delay. Of these, RDT is not a significant factor because it has sufficient speed and less than 1 ms of delay, but the information change cycle and data processing time of SDN are factors that greatly affect the delay. Especially, in an emergency of self-driving environment linked to an ITS(Intelligent Traffic System) that requires low latency and high reliability, information should be transmitted and processed very quickly. That is a case in point where delay plays a very sensitive role. In this paper, we study the SDN architecture in emergencies during autonomous driving and conduct analysis through simulation of the correlation with the cell layer in which the vehicle should request relevant information according to the information flow. For simulation: As the Data Rate of 5G is high enough, we can assume the information for neighbor vehicle support to the car without errors. Furthermore, we assumed 5G small cells within 50 ~ 250 m in cell radius, and the maximum speed of the vehicle was considered as a 30km ~ 200 km/hour in order to examine the network architecture to minimize the delay.

Computational Analysis on the Control of Droplet Entrained in the Exhaust from the Spray Type Scrubber system (스프레이형 스크러버의 배출가스에 포함된 액적의 제어방법에 관한 전산해석적 연구)

  • Lee, Chanhyun;Chang, Hyuksang;Koo, Seongmo
    • Clean Technology
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.191-199
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    • 2015
  • The SOx emission from the ship diesel engines will do a negative influence to the human health and the environment. To reduce the negative environmental effect of the SOx emission caused by the high traffic of ship movements, the SECA (SOx emission control area) has been set on several province around world to carry out the severe emissions control and to meet the emissions control standard. To cut down the SOx emission from the ships, the wet type scrubber is being used widely. In this work, we prepared a numerical model to simulate the spray type scrubber to study the motion of liquid droplets in the flow of the scrubber. For the analysis, the CFD (computational fluid dynamics) method was adopted. As a special topic of the study, we designed the wave plate type of mist eliminator to check the carry over of the uncontrolled water droplet to the exhaust. Numerical analysis is divided into two stages. At the first stage, the analysis was done on the basic scrubber without the mist eliminator, and then the second stage of analysis was done on the scrubber with the mist eliminator on several condition to check and compare with the basic scrubber. On the condition of the basic scrubber, 42.0% of the distributed water droplets were carried over to the exhaust. But by adding the designed droplet eliminator at the exhaust of the scrubber, only 3.4% of the distributed water droplets supplied to the scrubber was emitted to the atmosphere.