• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.124-132
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• 2022

Through scientific analysis, this study identified the material characteristics of metal foil decorating the border line and knotting of the National Folklore Cultural Heritage 'Pouch for the Sutra Embroidered with a Sun and Moon Design'. Through Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy results, it was estimated that silver (Ag) and sulfur (S) were present in the metal foil, and silver leaf was also attached to the medium. S may discolor Ag from yellow to black depending on its concsentration and contact time. Yellow color could not be identified in metal foil at present. But there existed an example of the preparation of a gold-colored flat silver thread; therefore, further research is needed to estimate the original color. The lamella was reddish brown on the back. Aluminum, silicon, and iron were also detected and were the main components found in red soil. This is believed to be the red adhesive in traditional flat gold thread and is considered to be an adhesive-related component of the metal foil. From the gas chromatography mass spectrometry results, the adhesive component was confirmed to be animal glue.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.324-330
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• 2019

PURPOSE. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance and modes of fracture of monolithic zirconia crowns with two preparation designs. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Forty human maxillary first premolar teeth were extracted for orthodontic purposes and divided into two main groups (n=20): Group A: monolithic traditional zirconia; Group B: monolithic translucent zirconia. The groups were further subdivided into two subgroups (n=10): (A1, B1) shoulder margin design; (A2, B2) feather-edge margin design. Teeth were prepared with either a 1 mm shoulder margin design or a feather-edge margin design. The prepared teeth were scanned using a digital intraoral scanner. The crowns were cemented using self-adhesive resin cement. All cemented teeth were stored in water for 7 days and thermocycling was done before testing. All samples were subjected to compressive axial loading until fracture. The fractographic analysis was done to assess the modes of fracture of the tested samples. RESULTS. The highest mean values of fracture resistance were recorded in kilo-newton and were in the order of subgroup A1 (2.903); subgroup A2 (2.3); subgroup B1 (1.854) and subgroup B2 (1.523). One-way ANOVA showed a statistically significant difference among the 4 subgroups. Concerning modes of fracture, the majority of samples in subgroups A1 and B1 were fracture of restoration and/or tooth, while in subgroups A2 and B2, the majority of samples fractured through the central fossa. CONCLUSION. Even though all the tested crowns fractured at a higher level than the maximum occlusal forces, the shoulder margin design was better than the feather-edge margin design and the monolithic traditional zirconia was better than the monolithic translucent zirconia in terms of fracture strength.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.515-520
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• 2011

One of the most challenging task in closing anterior diastema is avoiding "black triangle" between the teeth. This paper reports a case that the closure of diastema in anterior teeth could be successfully accomplished using direct adhesive restorations and gingival recontouring. The traditional technique using Mylar strip was modified to increase the emergence profile with natural contours at the gingival-tooth interface. Mylar strip was extended out of the sulcus by approximately 1 mm high from the gingival margin, and a small cotton pellet was used to provide the emergence contour. This modified approach is acceptable for the clinical situation.

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.233-259
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• 2020

Using bonded fiber-reinforced polymer laminates for strengthening wooden structural members has been shown to be an effective and economical method. In this research, properties of suitable composite materials (sika wrap), adhesives and two ways of strengthening beams exposed to bending moment are presented. Passive or slack reinforcement is one way of strengthening. The most effective way of such a strengthening was to place reinforcement laminates in the stretched part of the wooden beam (lower part in our case), in order to investigate the effectiveness of externally bonding FRP to their soffits. The model is based on equilibrium and deformations compatibility requirements in and all parts of the strengthened beam, i.e., the wooden beam, the sika wrap composite plate and the adhesive layer. The theoretical predictions are compared with other existing solutions. This research is helpful for the understanding on mechanical behaviour of the interface and design of the composite-wooden hybrid structures. The results showed that the use of the new strengthening system enhances the performance of the wooden beam when compared with the traditional strengthening system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.105-110
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine sensory profiles of rice confections. The samples used in this study obtained from Korea (traditional Korea rice snack and local specialty rice snack) and three countries (USA, Japan, and China) were evaluated and compared. The sensory characteristics of five kinds of rice confections were evaluated using a sensory test and were analyzed via quantitative description analysis (QDA), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). In the descriptive analysis, 10 trained panelists evaluated sensory characteristics consisting of 19 attributes, and there were significant differences (p<0.05) among the 16 characteristics. For the descriptive data, multivariate analysis of variance was carried out and identified differences among the samples. The PCA of rice confections for the first two principal components could explain 85.66% of the variations. The Korean, Japanese, and Chinese rice confections were savory, gritty, and particle-sized, the other Korean local specialty rice confections were fruity, sweet, honey-flavored, compact, and crispy, and those from the USA were glossy, grainy, bright, adhesive, cohesive, crispy, and sweet.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.153-154
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• 2008

High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying coating has been used widely throughout the last 60 years mainly in defense, aerospace, and power plants. Recently this coating technique is considered as a promising candidate for the replacement of the traditional electrolytic hard chrome plating (EHC) which pollutes the environment and causes lung cancer by toxic hexa-valent $Cr^{6+}$. In this study, two kinds of cermet coatings, WC-CoCr and WC-CrC-Ni, are formed by HVOF spraying. The wear properties of coatings are evaluated comparatively by reciprocating sliding wear tests at $25^{\circ}C$, $250^{\circ}C$ and $450^{\circ}C$ respectively. Wear rates show that WC-CoCr coatings have better sliding wear resistance than WC-CrC-Ni coatings regardless of temperature due to more, compact and homogeneously distributed WC particles, less metal content, Co, Cr rich metallic bindermatrix with higher fracture strength and better adhesive strength with WC particles.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.3
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• pp.87-144
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• 2001

This study looks into historical genealogy of autonomy in art criticism on modernism and presents the view of the judgment and correction about that. A matter of autonomy in art appeared in the attempt to totally reconsider and upset the theory of 'Mimesis' or 'Representation' which was the basis of traditional aesthetic theory. In the traditional theory of representation, they assumed primary image exists first and then tried to obtain visual similarity to it through art works. However, in the theory of autonomy in modernism, they maintained the reduction to pure form' or medium', regarding what art works represents and how similar to primary image are not the true essence of art. In the early 20th century, C. Bell laid the foundation stone of the theory of Formalism', providing that a matter of autonomy is significant form', which is the combination of lines and colors Aesthetic autonomy theory came to a climax by C. Greenberg, who systemized art criticism on modernism in the middle 20th century. According to his theory, the pursuit of the essence of form resulted in the specificity of medium' and flatness. They thought that the autonomy of art would be achieved by eliminating outward social factors from art works. This theory ended by Minimalism preventing the instructive function of art work and only emphasizing its material property. Since the middle 20th century, the autonomy theory was confronted with the limit and intense attack because it resulted in this fixed canon and materialism, so they began laying emphasis on those extrinsic factors around art works such as human life, society, history, and so on. This study focuses on arguing and complementing the limit of autonomy such as the adhesive and fixed canon, and then defining the more dynamic area of it. For this, first, I introduced the view of T. J. Clark and T. Crow who criticized the aesthetic autonomy theory. They denied the transcendental structure of form, and found form only in the association with substantial life and society. And they insisted the dynamism of form by emphasizing form as a result of negation insisted by avant-garde. Second, I researched the view of A. C, Danto and M. Fried, who complemented the traditional autonomy theory. They made autonomy emerge from the fixation of form like flatness through connecting essentialism with historical view. In conclusion, I insist that autonomic position of art make it possible to connect or mediate between material form and human or social elements. Therefore, autonomy should not be reduced to the axis of form or that of society but make interaction between two heterogeneous axes.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.177-197
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• 1998

This experimental study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Yipahnsan on angiogenic inhibition mechanism. This study investigates the effects of Yipahnsan on angiogenic inhibition mechanism evaluate cell adhesive inhibition effect, DNA fragmantaion analysis, nuclear condensation assay, FACScan analysis, angiogenic lumen formation assay, immunocytochemistry analysis, RT-PCR for mRNA expression, western blot analysis, confocal analysis for $Ca^{2+}influx$. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The cell adhesive inhibition ability was strongly increased from $5{\mu}g/ml$ on ECV304 cell line and ECVPAR cell line. 2. YY water extract caused $G_0/G_1$ arrest peak to existed on the ECV304 cell line. 3. YY water extract caused inhibition of proliferation and inducement of apoptosis on the collagen coated plate in ECV304 cell line. 4. YY water extract inhibited the lumen formation on the matrigel coated plate in ECV304 cell line. 5. YY water extract inhibited the expressions of LFA-1 and ELAM-1 on ECV304 cell line and ECVPAR cell line. 6. YY water extract inhibited the expressions of MMP-9 and uPA on ECV304 cell line and ECVPAR cell line. 7. YY water extract inhibited the expression of integrin ${\alpha}_v{\beta}_3$ on ECV304 cell line and ECVPAR cell line. 8. YY water extract decreased the change of $Ca^{2+}$ in intracellular on ECV304 cell line and ECVPAR cell line. According to the results, Yipahnsan showed to be a key antagonist of integrin ${\alpha}_v{\beta}_3$, and to be induction of apoptosis by p53 through flow cytometry. This report also demonstrated that expressions of MMP-9 and uPA were blocked under the angiogenesis model. Thus, we suggested that Yipahnsan blocks angiogenesis by inducing apoptosis in ECV304 and ECVPAR cell lines, and another oriental herbal medicine that treats qi-stagnation and blood-stasis type also has angiogenic inhibition effects.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.17-36
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• 1998

This experimental study was carried out to evaluate the effects of Hwallakhyoreungdan on angiogenic inhibition mechanism. In order to investigate the effects of Hwallakhyoreungdan on angiogenic inhibition mechanism, MTT assay, cell adhesive inhibition effect, DNA fragmantaion analysis, Nuclear condensation assay, FACScan analysis, Angiogenic lumen formation assay, Immunocytochemistry analysis, RT-PCR for mRNA expression, Western blot analysis and Confocal analysis for $Ca^{2+}$ change were performed. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The cell adhesive inhibition ability was strong from $5{\mu}g/ml$. 2. The $G_0/G_1$ arrest peak was existed on ECV304 cell-line. 3. The cells on Collagen plate were inhibition of proliferation and inducement of apoptosis by HR water extract. 4. Angiogenic lumen formation was inhibited by HR water extract. 5. LFA-1 and ELAM-1's expression were inhibited by HR water extract. They are commenly participation on inflammation and tumor regeneration. 6. The expression of MMP-9 and uPA were inhibited by HR water extract. 7. The expression of integrin ${\alpha}_v{\beta}_3$ was inhibited by HR water extract. 8. The expression of intracellular molecule were successively inhibited by HR water extract therefore the proliferation of ECV304 cell line was stopped and apoptosis was induced. 9. The change of $Ca^{2+}$ was decreased by HR water extract it cause confusion of signal transduction pathway therefore it was take part in apoptosis. According to the results, Hwallakhyoreungdan showed to be a key antaonist of integrin ${\alpha}_v{\beta}_3$, and to be induction of apoptosis by p53 through flow cytometry. This report also demonstrated that expressions of MMP-9 and uPA was blocked under the angiogenesis model. Thus, we suggests that Hwallakhyoreungdan blocks angiogenesis by inducing apoptosis of ECV304 and ECVPAR cell lines and another oriental herbal medicine that treats blood-stasis type also has angiogenic inhibition effects.

• Composites Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.235-240
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• 2017

Animal glue, a water-soluble adhesive, has been used historically for high-performance traditional furniture despite the disadvantage of weakness against moisture. Many scientists studied the ways to improve water resistance of animal glue. Improvements on the interfacial, thermal, and water resistance properties of wood sandwich composites (WSC) was studied with carbon nanotube (CNT) wt% in animal glue. Real-time temperature of WSC was measured after WSC was heated with increasing CNT wt%. Lap shear test was performed to determine the interfacial properties of wood and animal glue with CNTs. Water resistance properties of animal glue were determined by lap shear test using specimens dipped in water and the results were compared with the dry case. Hydrophobicity of animal glue by static contact angle was correlated with the variation of lap shear test. Interfacial, thermal, and water resistance properties for animal glue were improved with properly added CNTs.