• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.23 no.57
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• pp.103-112
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• 2000

Now, the possibility of Unification South and North Korea is much higher than any other times and the various fields of society, including politics, have been tried to overcome the differences between two nations. Most of all, overcoming the industrial differences for economic co-operation is one of the most important issues. About 50％ of Export goods has been put in the claim in South Korea because of quality problems. And one of the important reasons is because of industrial standards. These kind of problems would be occur with economic co-operation. so the study about the standards of North Korean industries is much important before the trades is boomed. And this research would decrease the expense of unification of South and North before the difference would be larger than now. That's why the conference for industrial standards between South and North Korea should be held soon in order to overcome the differences of industrial standards. This paper not only suggested the difficulties and needs of the industrial standard unification, but also researched North Korean industrial standardization and quality inspection systems with specific examples. And this study proposed some subjects of the industrial standard unification and the present situation of standards between two nations.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.67-95
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• 2000

Owing to the Boero Service, Global Trading will be materialized as international Business to Business E-Commerce. There are three principles in the letter of credit transaction, that is to say, independence and abstraction, document dealing, strict compliance. In the electronic letter of credit, these principles are called as independence and abstraction, electronic document dealing, strict compliance. As a joint venture between SWIFT and TT Club, bolero.net is changing the way the world trades by providing a web-based, paperless mode of commerce that is designed to become a global standard. As bolero.net supplies the service of the title registry resolves the problem of Electronic Bill of Lading, the electronic letter of credit will be easily introduced. Thus, this study deals with the Nature of the Electronic Letter of Credit Transaction and the Presentation of the Documents, in particular, the Bolero Bill of Lading.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.137-170
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• 2003

Despite the great success of the derivatives market, several concerns were expressed regarding the additional volatilitystemming from program trading during the expiration of derivatives. This paper examines the impact of the expiration of the KOSPI 200 index derivatives on cash market of Korea Stock Exchange(KSE). The KOSPI 200 index derivatives market has a unique settlement price determination process. The settlement price for the expiration of derivatives is determined by call auction during the last 10 minutes after the trades for matured derivatives are finalized. We analyze typical expiration day effects such as price, volatility, and volume effects. With high frequency data, we find that there are strong expiration day effects in the KSE and try to interpret the results with the unique settlement procedures of the KOSPI 200 cash and derivatives markets.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1990.10b
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• pp.1259-1264
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• 1990

During the past two decades, a lot of researches have been done on the synthesis of grassroot heat exchanger networks(HEN). However, few have been dedicated to retrofit of existing heat exchanger networks, which usually use more amount of utilities (i.e. steam and/or cooling water) than the minimum requirements. This excess gives motivation of trades-off between energy saving and rearranging investment. In this paper, an algorithmic-evolutionary synthesis procedure for retrofitting heat exchanger networks is proposed. It consists of two stages. First, after the amount of maximum energy recovery(MER) is computed, a grass-root network featuring minimum number of units(MNU) is synthesized. In this stage, a systematic procedure of synthesizing MNU networks is presented. It is based upon the concept of pinch, from which networks are synthesized in a logical way by the heuristics verified by the pinch technology. In the second stage, since an initial feasible network is synthesized based on the pre-analysis result of MER and must-matches, an assignment problem between new and existing units is solved to minimize total required additional areas. After the existing units are assigned, the network can be improved by switching some units. For this purpose, an improvement problem is formulated and solved to utilize the areas of existing units as much as possible. An example is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.188-198
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• 2005

There are two types of mold parts, ready-made standard parts and ETO (Engineered-to-Order) parts, the latter are of increasing importance to manufacturers. However, the ETO parts require more engineering support and communication than the ready-made standard parts. Existing e-Catalog modules provide classification structures of products that allow customers to select products based on their needs, and the trade begins with the provided specification. However, machine parts or mold parts have different purchasing patterns. Customers do not purchase the ready-made standard parts offered by an e-Catalog. They usually (1) add own options to the provided specifications or (2) change specification items such as length. To support these trades, a new e-Catalog system is proposed. The proposed system is based on the product design process and the specification selection process in addition to the parts classification structure.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.235-253
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• 2010

The export is an important economic growth strategy in South Korea. South Korea is strongly dependant on external trades. Bilateral trade between China and South Korea has been grown rapidly in recent years. The China is now Korea's first-largest trading partner. Thus, the Korea-China Free Trade Agrement (FTA) in South Korea's trade operations is very important. A discussion of Korea-China bilateral FTA commenced in 2004 November. This paper is to recognize the phenomenon of major issued fields in the Korea-China FTA such as a manufacturing, agriculture, customs and seek a negotiation strategy that are summarized as follows. In terms of trade based on manufacturing, it is necessary to divide into a private, general reduction and priority reduction item to recognize whether it is complementary or competitive on the specific industry in the FTA negotiation by using an index regarding supplement and competition of these two countries. In particularly sensitive agricultural field, FTA should be progressed gradually after giving a certain period of time of grace period on the basis of various flexible tariff systems in order to minimize agriculture damage as a result of the rapid growth from import of Chinese agricultural goods.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.175-209
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• 2000

본 연구는 프로그램매매가 주가지수 선물시장 및 현물 주식시장의 수익률 변동성에 미치는 효과에 대해서 일중 수익률 및 프로그램매매자료를 이용하여 분석을 시도하였다. 실증분석을 통해서 관찰된 결과를 살펴보면 대부분 선진국 시장에서 보고된 결과와 일치하였다. 우선 프로그램매매가 증가할수록 현물 주식시장에서의 변동성은 증대하는 것으로 나타났으나 선물시장에서는 그러한 일관성 있는 관계를 발견하지 못하였다. 프로그램매매 발동 직후 선물 및 현물시장의 수익률은 반전현상을 나타냈으며 특히 현물시장의 가격변화가 선물시장에 비해서 큰 것으로 관찰되었다. 그러나 이러한 선물시장과 현물시장에 있어서의 가격반전 현상이 시장 유동성에 미치는 경제적 영향은 선물만기일과 같이 특정시간대에 프로그램매매가 집중되지 않는 한 경미한 것으로 판단되었다. 프로그램매매 특히 차익거래는 선물 가격과 현물 가격간의 균형 관계가 일시적인 수급상황에 따라 이발될 경우 이를 다시 균형 상태로 회복시켜 줌으로써 시장의 효율성을 증대시키는 주요한 연결통로로서의 역할을 수행한다. 특히 두 시장간의 균형 상태는 선물 시장보다는 현물 주식시장에서의 활발한 매매 활동을 통하여 이루어짐을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 국내시장에서 차익거래는 시장의 위험을 증대시키는 부정적인 측면보다는 시장의 효율성을 증진시키는 긍정적인 순기능이 많은 것으로 관찰되었다.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.43-51
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• 2015

This research was performed to investigate the quality of leaflets provided with newspapers. The leaflets were classified according to business types and regions. The physical and strength properties were analyzed. The sizes of leaflets were 2, 4, 8 jeoljis of crown octavo, A3, A4, A5, and B3, B4, B5. Most of them were color printed and both-sides printing was much more popular than one-side printing. The leaflets about electronics, educations, and clothing showed lower density than restaurant business and other areas. The leaflets of electronics, educations, and clothing, and large stores showed lower tensile strength, and those of restaurant businesses and building trades showed relatively high tensile strengths. No differences on the quality of leaflets except for large stores were found according to business areas. Large markets made the leaflets with various types of papers, and low quality papers were also included.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.147-151
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• 2014

Background: Agriculture ranks among the most dangerous trades worldwide. There is, however, still a lack of knowledge on nonfatal injuries in agriculture. The aim of this study was to describe the nature and occurrence of nonfatal injuries in farmers in two counties in central Norway. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to 7,004 farmers in Norway. We asked for information about the respondents and the farm, whether the farmer had had work-related injuries on the farm during the past 12 months, and details about the incidence and seriousness of the injury. Results: A total of 2,699 respondents gave a response rate of 42%. Of the respondents, 249 (9.2%) reported one or more work-related injuries. The most usual cause of injury involved an animal, and >75% of these happened inside the outbuilding. Among these, 17.5% had a consequence of sick leave or a more serious result. When all the accidents were analyzed by stepwise logistic regression, only the variables: works alone, has >3,500 stipulated working hours at the farm, and the type of production were statistical significant explanatory variables for having an injury. Conclusion: Incorporating safety aspects to a greater extend in the design and construction of outbuildings would make a substantial contribution to injury prevention in agriculture.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.184-191
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• 2018

Background: Due to an increasing number of workers aged 50 years and above, the number of those employed is also on the rise, and those workers aged 50 and over has exceeded 50% of the total fatal occupational injuries. Therefore, it is necessary to implement the selection and concentration by identifying the characteristics of high-risk groups necessary for an effective prevention against and reduction of fatal occupational injuries. Methods: This study analyzed the characteristics of high-risk groups and the occupational injury fatality rate per 10,000 workers among the workers aged 50 and over through a multi-dimensional analysis by sex, employment status of workers, industry and occupation by targeting 4,079 persons who died in fatal occupational injuries from January 2007 to December 12. Results: The share of the workers aged 50 years and above is increasing every year in the total fatal occupational injuries occurrence, and the high-risk groups include 'male workers' by sex, 'daily workers' by worker's status, 'craft and related-trades workers' by occupation, and 'mining' by industry. Conclusion: The most frequent causal objects of fatal occupational injuries of the workers aged 50 years and above are found out to be 'installment and dismantlement of temporary equipment and material on work platforms including scaffold' in the construction industry and 'mobile crane, conveyor belt and fork lifts' in the manufacturing industry.