• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.137-140
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• 1995

Saponin isolated from Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn has been shown to contain a strong anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, several pharmacological properties such as acute toxicity, local irritation and hemolytic activity of Sapindus saponin and its genin component, hederagenirl, were examined. The acute toxicity of Sapindus saponin was very low. Estimated from the LD$_{50}$ values, it showed much weaker toxicity in oral administration than in intraperitoneal injection. Hederagenin gave a very high LD$_{50}$ value even in intraperitoneal injection. Sapindus saponin showed a potent local irritation after topical application, whereas hederagenin did a very weak local irritation. Sapindus saponin also gave a high hemolytic activity.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.417-428
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• 2022

This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity and toxicity of methanol and hexane extracts of Halymenia durvillei red seaweed which were found abundantly in Kayangan island, South Sulawesi. The antibacterial activity of the crude extract was tested against five gram-negative bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Vibrio harveyi at a dose of 200 g/disk. Extract toxicity was tested on Artemia salina larvae at concentrations of 1,000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.25 ㎍/mL. The results showed that the methanol and hexane extracts of H. durvillei had the highest activity against S. thypi and A. hydrophila, respectively, with inhibition zones of 26.2 mm and 21.0 mm. On the other hand, the two extracts did not show activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, respectively. The toxicity of the methanol extract of H. durvillei was twice as high as that of the hexane extract with half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 98.24 and 184.21 ㎍/mL, respectively. Thus, the methanol and hexane extracts of red seaweed H. durvillei have the potential as new antibacterial agents respectively against the pathogenic bacteria S. typhi and A. hydrophila, but also have the opportunity to be developed into antitumor herbal compounds.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 2003

A rapid, inexpensive enzymatic method is proposed for indirect water quality testing in terms of heavy metal toxicity. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was applied for heavy metal toxicity test as an effective criterion in water quality. The toxicity of Pb (lead) and Cd (cadmium) for water flea, Moina macrocopa, were evaluated for 2-8 days with variables of mobilization ability. And the reproduction impairment of Moina macrocopa were investigated as the parameter of chronic toxicity test for Pb and Cd. As a result, the EC$_{50}$ for immobilization of Moina macrocopa were Pb and Cd were 1.6749 and 0.4683, respectively. The values of reproductive impairment to Moina macrocopa for Pb and Cd were 9.5938 and 8.3264 in EC$_{50}$ A significant alteration of G6PDH (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) activity of Moina macrocopa was observed when Cd and Pb were treated in media. The results obtained indicate that G6PDH activity of Moina macrocopa can be used as an indicative parameter in aquatic toxicity tests for heavy metals.als.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.393-400
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• 1997

The effects of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase on the toxicity of paraquat(PQ) were studied using diethyldithiocarbamate(DDC), 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole(AT) which are inhibitors of Cu, Zn-SOD and catalase in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were divide into 6 groups: control, DDC, PQ, AT, DDC+PQ, and AT+PQ group. The PQ (50 mg/kg body weight(BW); about half dose of $LD_{50}$) was administered with orally, otherwise AT(1.0g/kg BW) and DDC(1.0g/kg BW) were administered by intrperitoneal(iP) injection. The survival rate of rats in PQ+AT group was significantly decreased compared with PQ group while the difference of survival rate between DDC group and DDC+PQ group was not significant. The SOD activity after administration of DDC was decreased in liver, lung and kidney, but catalase activity was not changed. The catalase activity in liver, lung and kidney of AT treated rats was decreased, while SOD activity was not changed in this group. The effects of DDC and AT to the PQ toxicity was also observed in primary cultured rat Skin fibroblasts. The viable cells that was measured with MTT method, was decreased in AT+PQ treated group compared to PQ treated group, but the difference of cell viability between DDC treat group and DDC+PQ treated group was not observed. This result, AT potentlate PQ toxicity while DDC were not affect, suggested that the decreased catalase activity lead to elevation of hydrogen peroxide levels and PQ toxicity may be correlate with the hydrogen peroxide rather than the superoxides.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.1079-1082
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to develop a method for increasing the solubility of paclitaxel in water to reduce its toxicity and make the drug more feasible for chemotherapy. A series of highly water soluble paclitaxel polyethylene glycol (PEG) esters were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-tumor activity and toxicity. The solubility of 7-polyethylene glycol paclitaxel carbonate 5 was 840 mg/mL and the acute toxicity ($LD_{50}$) was 286 mg/kg. Because of its reduced toxicity, compound 5 showed a dramatic reduction of tumor volume without any loss of animals in long-term treatment (daily consecutive injections for 15 days).

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.195-199
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• 2008

Alcoholism has been associated with folate deficiency in humans and laboratory animals. Previous study showed that ethanol feeding reduces the dehydrogenase and hydrolase activity of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FDH) in rat liver. Hepatic ethanol metabolism generates acetaldehyde and acetate. The mechanisms by which ethanol and its metabolites produce toxicity within the liver cells are unknown. We purified FDH from rat liver and investigated the effect of ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetate on the enzyme in vitro. Hepatic FDH activity was not reduced by ethanol or acetate directly. However, acetaldehyde was observed to reduce the dehydrogenase activity of FDH in a dose- and time-dependent manner with an apparent $IC_{50}$ of 4 mM, while the hydrolase activity of FDH was not affected by acetaldehyde in vitro. These results suggest that the inhibition of hepatic FDH dehydrogenase activity induced by acetadehyde may play a role in ethanol toxicity.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 1998

CJ50001 is a recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating facto, (rHuG-CSF) that stimulates the formation of neutrophils from bone marrow stem cells. It was produced in E. colt and purified through refolding and several processes. We produced CS970125(300) using purified C150001 and additives in order to test the stability of CJ50001. When CS970125(300) was stored at 50'S for more than 1 week, high molecular weight proteins were formed and those proteins were detected by non-reducing SDS-PAGE, gel filtration HPLC, and Western blot. Those proteins showed single band at the same position of CJ50001 in reducing SDS-PAGE. These data indicated that those high molecular weight proteins were the multimers of C150001. In biological assays, iu viro and in viro, the multimers did not have biological activity and inhibitory action to that of CJ 50001. The mutimers did not induce toxicity in mice and rats in acute toxicity test. These results suggest that if Cs970125(300) containing CJ50001 is stored at 5$0^{\circ}C$, CJ50001 will be the multimers that do not have biological activity and inhibitory effect to CJ50001 and do not induce acute toxicity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.5-7
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• 1989

The objective of this study was to investigate the preventive effect of ginseng on acetaldehyde-induced acute toxicity in mice . Compared to the control group, treatment with acetaldehyde inhibited the hepatic cytosolic xanthine oxidise activity with increase in dose. The inhibition of enzyme activity was not changed after dialysis. Pretreatment with ginseng butanol fraction prevented the inhibition of enzyme activity by acetaldehyde. In conjunction with the our previous results (Yakhak Hoeji, 29, 18 (1985)), these results suggest that the most likely mechanism for the observed preventive effects of ginseng against the acetaldehyde-induced acute toxicity may be the decrease hepatic acetaldehyde level.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2008

A rapid, inexpensive enzymatic method is proposed for indirect water quality testing in terms of heavy metal toxicity. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was applied for heavy metal toxicity test as an effective criterion in water quality. The toxicity of Pb (lead) and Cd (cadmium) for water flea, Moina macrocopa, were evaluated for $2{\sim}8\;days$ with variables of mobilization ability. And the reproduction impairment of Moina macrocopa were investigated as the parameter of chronic toxicity twst for Pb and Cd. As a result, the $EC_{50}$ for immobilization of Moina macrocopa were Pb and Cd were 1.6749 and 0.4683, respectively. The values of reproducive impairment to Moina macrocopa for Pb and Cd were 9.5938 and 8.3264 in $EC_{50}$. A significant alteration of G6PDH (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) activity of Moina macrocopa was observed when Cd and Pb were treated in media. The results obtained indicate that G6PDH activity of Moina macrocopa can be used as an indicative parameter in aquatic toxicity tests for heavy metals.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.67-77
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• 2008

It has been observed that the linear relationship between the logarithm of bioconcentration factor (log BCF) of highly hydrophobic chemicals and their log $K_{ow}$ breaks when log $K_{ow}$ becomes greater than 6.0. Consequently, super hydrophobic chemicals were not thought to cause baseline toxicity as a single compound. Researchers often call this phenomenon as "hydrophobicity cutoff" meaning that bioconcentration or corresponding baseline toxicity has a certain cutoff at high log $K_{ow}$ value of hydrophobic organic pollutants. The underlying assumption is that the increased molecular size with increasing hydrophobicity prohibits highly hydrophobic compounds from crossing biological membranes. However, there are debates among scientists about mechanisms and at which log $K_{ow}$ this phenomenon occurs. This paper reviews three hypotheses to explain observed "cutoff": steric effects, kinetic or physiological limitations, and chemical activity cutoff. Although the critical molecular size that makes biological membranes not permeable to hydrophobic organic chemicals is uncertain, size effects in combination with kinetic limitation would explain observed non-linearity between log BCF and log $K_{ow}$. Chemical activity of hydrophobic chemicals generally decreases with increasing melting point at their aqueous solubility. Thus, there may be a chemical activity cutoff of baseline toxicity if there is a critical chemical activity over which baseline effects can be observed.