• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.26-35
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• 2023

Sparks cause most fire and explosion accidents in the manufacturing industry during hot work, which ignites surrounding combustible materials. Such incidents lead to high casualties due to suffocation from toxic gases and lack of evacuation. Therefore, the government recently enacted and revised 'The Occupational Safety and Health Act' to prevent fires and explosions at work sites, incorporating legal standards for fire observers, which are important in preventing accidents and the spread of fire during hot work. However, there are notable shortcomings in conducting professional cause analysis of these accidents and in aligning them with advanced foreign legal standards. Additionally, there is a lack of literature review reflecting the manufacturing industry characteristics. Despite the recent enactment and revision of legal standards, gathering sufficient opinions and professional reviews remains insufficient. To address these gaps, interviews were conducted with safety and health workers, analyzing recent fire and explosion causes in domestic manufacturing industries, and reviewing both domestic and international legal standards. Conclusively, proposed improvement measures were centered on the professionalization of fire observer education, enhancing their roles and authority realistically, and improving fire observer placement and operation standards. Consequently, additional 'Occupational Safety and Health Act' standards are necessary for fire observer education and defining the government's role. Second, precise legal standards outlining the role and authority of fire observers are required. Third tailored fire observer arrangements and management standards appropriate for varying work characteristics and company sizes are required. This study emphasizes the importance of supplementing relevant legal standards to prevent fire accidents in the manufacturing industry.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.217-223
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• 2010

In general, fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) wastes are simply buried or burned. Landfill brings about a permanent contamination of soil due to the inability of FRP to decompose and incineration causes an issue of generating toxic gases and dusts. There have been several ways to treat the FRP wastes such as landfill, incineration, chemical recycling, material recycling and the utilization of energy from combustion. Most methods excluding material recycling are known to have critical limitations in economic, technical and environmental manners. However it is known that material recycling is most desirable among the methods handling FRP wastes. In this study, to investigate the purpose of feasibility of material recycling, various bulk molding compound (BMC) specimens were prepared with the various contents of unsaturated polyester resin binder (25, 30, 35 wt%) and the various replacement ratios of FRP wastes powder (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 wt%) substituted for filler. To evaluate the physical properties BMC specimens, various tests such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, hot water resistance and SEM imaging were conducted. As a results, mechanical strengths decreased with an increase of replacement ratio of FRP waste powder and physical properties of BMC specimens were deteriorated in the hot water resistance. The fluidity of BMC with more than 50 wt% of the replacement ratio of FRP wastes powder decreased remarkably, causing a problem in the BMC composite.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.131.1-131.1
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• 2010

This study was conducted for engineering optimization for the gasification process which is the key factor for success of Taean IGCC gasification plant which has been driven forward under the government support in order to expand to supply new and renewable energy and diminish the burden of the responsibility for the reduction of the green house gas emission. The gasification process consists of coal milling and drying, pressurization and feeding, gasification, quenching and HP syngas cooling, slag removal system, dry flyash removal system, wet scrubbing system, and primary water treatment system. The configuration optimization is essential for the high efficiency and the cost saving. For this purpose, it was designed to have syngas cooler to recover the sensible heat as much as possible from the hot syngas produced from the gasifier which is the dry-feeding and entrained bed slagging type and also applied with the oxygen combustion and the first stage cylindrical upward gas flow. The pressure condition inside of the gasifier is around 40~45Mpg and the temperature condition is up to $1500{\sim}1700^{\circ}C$. It was designed for about 70% out of fly ash to be drained out throughout the quenching water in the bottom part of the gasifier as a type of molten slag flowing down on the membrane wall and finally become a byproduct over the slag removal system. The flyash removal system to capture solid particulates is applied with HPHT ceramic candle filter to stand up against the high pressure and temperature. When it comes to the residual tiny particles after the flyash removal system, wet scurbbing system is applied to finally clean up the solids. The washed-up syngas through the wet scrubber will keep around $130{\sim}135^{\circ}C$, 40~42Mpg and 250 ppmv of hydrochloric acid(HCl) and hydrofluoric acid(HF) at maximum and it is turned over to the gas treatment system for removing toxic gases out of the syngas to comply with the conditions requested from the gas turbine. The result of this study will be utilized to the detailed engineering, procurement and manufacturing of equipments, and construction for the Taean IGCC plant and furthermore it is the baseline technology applicable for the poly-generation such as coal gasification(SNG) and liquefaction(CTL) to reinforce national energy security and create new business models.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.87-101
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• 2012

In gas industries, the potential risks of serious accidents have been increased due to high technology application and process complexities. Especially, in case of gas-related accidents, the extent of demage is out of control since gas plants handle and produce combustible, flammable, explosive and toxic materials in large amounts. The characteristics of this kind of disaster is that accident frequency is low, while the impact of damage is high, extending to the neighboring residents, environment and related industries as well as employees involved. The hydrogen gases treated important things and it used the basic material of chemical plants and industries. Since 2000, this gas stood in the spotlight the substitution energy for reduction of the global warming in particular however it need to compress high pressure(more than 150 bar.g) and store by using the special cylinders due to their low molecular weight. And this gas led to many times the fire and explosion due to leak of it. To reduce these kinds of risks and accidents, it is necessary to improve the new safety management system through a risk management after technically evaluating potential hazards in this process. This study is to carry out the quantitative risk assesment for hydrogen filling plant which are very dangerous(fire and explosive) and using a basic materials of general industries. As a results of this risk assessment, identified the elements important for safety(EIS) and suggested the practical management tools and verified the reliability of this risk assessment model through case study of accident.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.564-570
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• 2006

Toxic gases and soot deposition as a consequence of smoke inhalation can cause direct injury to the upper and lower airways and even to the lung parenchyma. A delay in proper and prompt therapy can be detrimental to critically ill burn patients with an inhalation injury. Therefore, serial chest radiography is an important diagnostic tool for pulmonary complications during treatment. The radiographic findings of the chest include normal, consolidation, interstitial and alveolar infiltrates, peribronchial thickening, atelectasis, cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and a pneumothorax as acute complications of smoke inhalation. In addition, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis obliterans and pulmonary fibrosis can occur as late complications. We encountered a case of 44-year-old male who presented with acute lung injury after an inhalation injury. He required endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation due to respiratory failure. He was managed successfully with conservative treatment. Later, a cavitary lesion of the left upper lobe was observed on the chest radiography and computed tomography, which was complicated by massive hemoptysis during the follow-up. However, the cavitary lesion disappeared spontaneously without any clinical consequences.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2002

Efficiency estimation of toxicity free resistance cable experiments were conducts to understand toxicity free fire ersistance polyolefin insulation material and smoke density characteristic and combustion gas corrosion analysis. A main cause of fire-growth and generating toxic gas when it burns, should be dealt with great care in life safety design. Similar patterned fire incidents such as, Inchon Live-Hof Pub Restaurant as, Sea-land Children Resort have proven that serious loss of lives were caused by hazardous gas generated fire resistance cable materials. In this paper, Referenced documents were ASTM E662 standard test method for specific Ds genalated by solid materials. The furnace control system shall maintain the required irradiance level under steady-state condition with the chamber door closed of 2.5$\pm40.04〔w/$\textrm{cm}^2$〕for 20 min. According to the results of the smoke density analysis of NFR-8 and FR-PVC the highest decomposition flaming smoke density range of NFR-8 and FR-PVC were 25.2 to 37.5 and 51.1 respectively. Nonflaming smoke density range of NFR-8 and FR-PVC were 100.4 to 112.2 and 126.5 to 398.8. Also, the fire gases was occurred carbon monoxide and decomposition than in polyolefin due to incomplete combustion of PVC which has high content of carbon in chemical compound.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.38-43
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to carry out the consequence analysis of an accident related to the release of Hydrogen chloride occurred in a petrochemical company in Korea and suggest the measures to prevent similar accidents from happening again. The total amount released through the safety valve of HCl Column was calculated based on the rated capacity of the safety valve, the ideal gas equation and mechanical energy balance, respectively. As a result of the calculation, we found that the amount of HCl released through the safety valve was at least 76.8 kg. Also, we predicted the dispersion concentration at the position of the injured workers(more than 350 m away from the accident location) using simulation programs such as PHAST. The results of ALOHA and K-CARM are 304 ppm and 1,700 ppm respectively. However, PHAST calculation indicated that the concentration is less than l ppm. From these results, we can understand that workers were injured by HCl gas released from the safe valve and the concentration of gas might be less than 1 ppm. Also, it is important for toxic gases such as HCl to be vented safely to the atmosphere after scrubbing.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2018

Recently, there have been a lot of casualties due to fires in high-rise buildings. The toxic gases and smokes generated by fires in high-rise buildings spread rapidly through the elevator shaft and stairwell, due to the stack effect, and can cause critical casualties. To reduce the number of casualties, smoke control systems have been introduced. Smoke control systems play an essential role in preventing the spread of smoke in high-rise buildings and securing the evacuation route. Also, in high-rise buildings, evacuation by an elevator is considered to be indispensable. However, the pressure field in the shaft is strongly disturbed when the elevator is moving and this can affect the performance of the smoke control system. Therefore, in this study, we experimentally and numerically analyzed the effect of elevator movement on the pressure difference between the vestibule and living room by building a model using the sandwich pressurization method based on the performance based design. To consider the leakage areas in high-rise buildings, e.g. the windows, fire door and elevator, the National Fire Safety Codes and area ratio were used. The elevator speed in the model building was varied between 20 m/s and 100 m/s corresponding to a real elevator speed of 7 m/s~17 m/s. As a result, the relationship between the pressure difference and elevator speed was found to be ${\Delta}P=40{\cdot}{\exp}$(-Ves /-104.7)-23.735. This result can be used to take into consideration the effect of elevator movement when designing smoke control systems.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.2786-2793
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• 2009

Recently, the development and spread of the new recyclable energy becomes urgent because of the depletion of fossil fuel and strengthening the environmental regulation. To recovery from the waste out of the many new recyclable energies has been proved as the most favorable when the potential value of energy source is compared. The RDF from the waste has been approved as the most economical method out of the other methods. However, the toxic gases (HCl, Dioxin etc) and heavy metals generated during the burning of the industrial wastes have been pointed out as problems. The PVC, alkali metal chloride, and alkaline earth metal chloride are major materials for emitting the chlorine and chlorine compounds have the problem such as the erosion on the heat collection device. This research has analyzed the heavy metal components containing in the industrial waste, and the concentration of Cl and S in the industrial waste generated in B industrial complex are slightly high than that of the A industrial complex. The results can be used to discuss the origin of inorganic components in industrial waste and utilized as a base data to improve the performance of the RDF as fuel.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.145-149
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• 2004

It is necessary for managing a perfect process for degasing aluminum molten metal according to the increase of a grade of aluminum and its alloy products. There are some methods that have been used to manage a degasing process in recent years, such as an injection method that uses aluminum molten metal powder and chemicals supplier and input method that supplies argon and nitrogen, or chlorine gas by using a gas blow-tube. However, these methods show some problems, and it shows that it is a difficult process to handle. pollution due to the producing a lot of toxic gases like chlorine and fluoride gas. irregular effects, and lowering work efficiency due to the excessive processing time. The problems that are the most fatal are the producing a lot of sludge due to the reaction of aluminum molten metal with chemicals. loss of metals, and decreasing the life of refractory materials. In order to solve these problems. this paper develops a technology that is related to aluminum continuous casting molten metal and monolithic degasing apparatus. A degasing apparatus developed in this study improved the exist ing methods and prevented environmental pollution wi th smokeless. odor less, and harmlessness by using a new method that applies argon and nitrogen gas in which the methods used in the West and Japan are eliminated. The developed method can significantly reduce product faults that are caused by the production of gas and oxidation because it uses a preprocessed molten metal with chemicals. In addition. the amount of the produced sludge can also be reduced by 60-80% maximum compared with the existing methods. Then. it makes it possible to minimize the loss of metals. Moreover. the molten metal processing and settling time is also shortened by comparing it with the existing methods that are applied by using chemicals. In addition, it does much to improve the workers' health, safety and environment because there is no pollution. The improvement of productivity and prevent ion effects of disaster from the results of the development can be summarized as follows. It will contribute to the process rationalization because it does not have any unnecessary processes that the molten metal will be moved to an agitator by using a ladle and returned to process for degasing like the existing process due to the monolithic configuration. There are no floating impurities due to the oxidation caused by the contact with the air as same as the existing process. In addition. it can protect the blending of precipitation impurities. Because it has a monolithic configuration. it can avoid the use of additional energy to compensate the temperature decreasing about 60t that is caused by the moving of molten metal. It is not necessary to invest an extra facilities in order to discharge the gas generated from a degasing process by using an agitator. The working environment can be improved by the hospitable air in the factory because the molten metal is almost not exposed in the interior of the area.