• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.149-153
• /
• 1989

Seven 2, 3-diphenyl-5-methoxyindole derivatives were synthesized. The effect of structural variation of these molecules on biological activities was examined. None of the tested compounds was found to be toxic up 5 gm/Kg body weight. Four compounds demonstrated smooth muscle relaxant effects and one showed a persistent hypotensive effect. Only the parent compound, 2, 3-diphenyl-5-methoxyindole, showed a significant analgesic effect.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.40-45
• /
• 2005

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has long been used as an adjuvant or first choice of therapy for liver disease. Commonly, UDCA has been reported to play a role in improving hyperbilirubinemia and disorder of bromsulphalein. More commonly, UDCA has been used in reducing the rate of cholesterol level in bile juice that can cause cholesterol stone. The effects on the promotion of bile acid release that leads an excretion of toxic materials and wastes produced in liver cells as well as various arrays of liver disease such as hepatitis. Other than already reported in clinical use, immunosuppressive effect has been studied, especially in transplantation. In the study, we hypothesized that UDCA might have a certain role in anti-inflammation through a preventive effect of pro-inflammatory potentials in the brain macrophages, microglia. We found that the treatment of $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ UDCA effectively suppressed the pro-inflammatory mediators (i.e. nitric oxide and interleukin-$1{\beta}$) in rat microglia compared to comparators. Interestingly, RT-PCR analysis suggested that UDCA strongly attenuated the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ that was comparable with cyclosporine A at 48 h incubation. Conclusively, we found that UDCA may playa cytoprotective role in microglial cells through direct or indirect pathways by scavenging a toxic compound or an anti-inflammatory effect, which are known as major causes of neurodegenerative diseases.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.29-34
• /
• 2016

Field cultivation of corn and microbial cell viability tests using Pseudomonas putida K-5 were performed to assess the toxic effect of kelp seaweed biochar (KBC) and fir wood biochar (FBC) produced by pyrolysis. After 63 days growth, FBC increased corn growth by 4.9% without fertilizer and by 7.6% with fertilizer, while KBC decreased it by 20.2% without fertilizer and by 27.9% with fertilizer. Physico-chemical characterization of the biochars such as ICP, CHON, and proximate analyses showed that KBC contained large amount of metals and ashes which could be responsible for its inhibition to corn growth. Upon exposure of K-5 cells for 1 h to biochar extracts, the cell viability in KBC extracts was 48.2% and quite lower than that (78.6%) in FBC. Washed KBC biochar with water at 1:10 w/v % increased the cell viability to 54.0%. The results indicated that seaweed biochar may be careful to be used for plant growing additives due to its high concentrations of metals and ashes. This toxic effect could be reduced by proper washing method with water.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.403-413
• /
• 2008

Toxic effect of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) and formaldehyde (FA) on microbial activity and diversity was compared in rice field, leek patch, and tidal mud flat soil samples. MTBE, TBA and FA with different concentrations were added into microcosms containing these soil samples, and placed at room temperature for 30 days. Then the microbial activities such as dehydrogenase and viable cell numbers and microbial community using a DGGE (Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) fingerprinting method were measured. Among the samples, dehydrogenase activity in rice field was inhibited the most by MTBE, TBA and FA. The toxic effect was higher according to the following orders: FA > MTBE > TBA. Dominant species in the microcosms contaminated with MTBE, TBA and FA were Chloroflex, Bacilli, gamma-proteobacteria in the rice field sample, Sphingobacteria, Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacilli, gamma-proteobacteria in the leek patch sample, and Sphingobacteria, Flavobacteria, delta-proteobacteria, gamma-proteobacteria in the tidal mud flat sample.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.499-502
• /
• 2003

Neurotoxicity of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and neuroprotective effect of Aconiti Radix(AR) against ROS-induced cytotoxicity were determined on cultured mouse cerebral neurons by MTT assay after cerebral neurons were cultured for 5 hours in various concentrations of GO. GO was toxic in a dose-dependent manner on cultured cerebral neurons after cerebral neurons were incubated for 5 hours in media containing 5～40mU/ml GO. While, cultures were pretreated with 180 μg/ml AR for 2 hours increased remarkably cell viability. From these results, it is suggested that GO has toxic effect on cultured mouse cerebral neurons by the decrease of cell viability. And also, herb extract such as AKR is very effective in the protection pf neurotoxicity induced by GO.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.15-21
• /
• 2015

Anaerobic biodegradation of diesel with coexisting heavy metals (Pb) was monitored in batch mode. Two different groups of the indigenous bacteria from a site contaminated with diesel and lead were used in this research: the first group was composed of a single species and the second group was composed of several species. The effect of heavy metals on the microbial population was monitored and confirmed the biodegradation mechanism in each combined contaminant. Growth of the microorganisms in 21 days was observed Diesel > Diesel + Pb > Diesel + Cu > Diesel + Pb + Cu > Diesel + Cr > Diesel + Pb + Cr. Indigenous microorganisms showed the adaptation in the Pb contaminate. Interactive toxic effect using AMES test observed larger synergistic effect than antagonistic in Diesel + Cr and Diesel + Pb + Cr. Therefore, the main effects of diesel biodegradation in the present of heavy metals are likely to exist other factors as well as toxic of heavy metals. This is a necessary part of the future studies.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.119-128
• /
• 2004

Environmental impact of waste tires as gound-reinforcing material is studied. Analysis for chemical compounds and toxic effect were performed on effluents from twelve lysimeters in which waste tires were mixed with sand and three initially different environmental solutions of acidic, neutral, and basic circulated through the mixture. The test results of effluents collected from the lysimeters provided that the contaminant concentrations were lower than those of Korean drinking water standards for all the selected and tested metal elements. While iron concentration increased slightly with the exposure period, other metal concentrations decreased with the number of circulation times. From the comparison with previous investigations, the contaminant concentration decreased with the increase of tire size, i.e. increases with the increase of the exposed surface of tire metals. From the toxicity tests, no deteriorative effect was observed and it could be concluded that waste tires are not biologically hostile materials.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 1980

As part of our endeavor to increase the productivity of steroid by enzymatic transformation of corticosteroids, attempts have been made to increase the solubility of steroids by using some organic solvents. When the solubility of steroids is the rate limiting factor in the steroid transformation, it was found that the use of solvents significantly improved the yield. Hydrocorisone as a substrate and 3-ketosteroid .DELTA.$^{1}$ dehydrogense as an immobilized whole cell enzyme were employed as the model system for this study. It was found that the yield of product, prodnisolone, goes through a maximum with an increase in the solvent concentration. At a high solvent concentration, the solvent showed a toxic effect and it causes a decrease in the product yield by the second order inhibition mechanism. Among the solvents evaluated, methanol and ethanol were found to be the best. These alcohols are not only good solvents but also showed minimal toxic effect. Based on the experimental results, it was concluded that the productivity of steroid can be increased by usign well selcted solvents systems for the enzymatic transformation of steroids.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.125-131
• /
• 2013

When fire occurs in complex or building, toxic gas is important factor for evacuation because it cause death of evacuees. The effect of toxic gas which effects human motion is calculated using Purser's Fractional Effective Dose(FED). The FDS_EVAC is used for evacuation. However, FED of FDS_EVAC has some problem of application because it dose not considers evacuees's gender and age groups but using single subject. In this study, numerical analysis using modified FED which considers gender and age group of evacuees was performed. We investigate the effect of improved FED on the evacuation. We applied evacuation analysis to exhibition centre where the evacuees was set one thousand five hundred people. The FED is increasing with children 2%, male 17%, female 4%, adult 13% and elderly people 22%. Fatality is increasing due to increased FED.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.45 no.5
• /
• pp.520-528
• /
• 2019

Objectives: This study assessed the cytotoxicity of the metallic mordant cupric acetate (CA) and the protective effect of Albizzia julibrissin (AJ) leaf extract on CA-induced cytotoxicity in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Methods: For this study, cell viability and antioxidative effects such as the inhibitory activity of lipid peroxidation (LP) and superoxide anion-radical (SAR) scavenging activity were assessed. Results: CA significantly decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, and the $XTT_{50}$ value was measured as $55.0{\mu}M$ of CA. The cytotoxicity of CA was determined as highly toxic by Borenfreund and Puerner's toxic criteria. The catalase antioxidant significantly increased cell viability diminished by CA-induced cytotoxicity in these cultures. Regarding the protective effect of AJ leaf extract on CA-induced cytotoxicity, AJ leaf extract remarkably increased the SAR scavenging ability and the inhibitory ability of LP. From these findings, it is suggested that oxidative stress is involved in the cytotoxicity of CA, and AJ leaf extract effectively protected CA-induced cytotoxicity via antioxidative effects. Conclusions: Natural resources like AJ leaf extract may be a putative therapeutic agent for treatment or alleviation of the toxicity induced by CA metallic mordant.