• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.267-279
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• 1992

The relationship between pb, zn, cd, and the microbial biomass and activity were investigated in three public park soils of central and outer london. Variability with distance from the roadside and profile were studied. The heavey metal concentrations were the highest in hampstead heath and hyde park with high trafic density and the lowest in hainault. The highest concentrations of heavy metals were found adjacent to the roadside in the upper parts of the soil profile. Dehydrogenase activity, adenosine tri-phosphate and ergosterol contents used as indices of micrbial biomass and activity, were generally higher in hainadult, and also higher in the upper pats of the soil profile. Simple regression analysis indicated that the microbial biomass and activity were affected significantly by moisture content, water holding capacity, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and organic mater rather than heavy metal concentration. Highest inputs of nitrogen and carbon were associated with high inputs of heavey metals, all three being derived from vehicle emissions adjacent to the road. The hyde park and hampstead heath microbial populations were able to respond to the c and n input positively by increase in biomass and activity, whereas the hainault populations could not. This rsult suggrsts adaptation in he former to heavy matals, but not in the latter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.732-739
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• 2009

Pig slurry is a good soil amendment not only because of its high organic matter content, but also because of its ability to provide various nutrients. The objective of this study was to estimate the influence of raw and processed pig slurry application on pot soil over chemical fertilizer and non-amended control soil. Change in the chemical parameters (pH, organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC), macro and micronutrients) and microbial mass of the treated soils were monitored over 30 to 90 days. Pot soil was treated with the recommended dose of pig slurry and chemical fertilizer, and was sampled after 30, 60 and 90 days of incubation. The least significanct difference (p<0.05) was observed on Fe, Cu, Zn, available P and K between treatments. All treatments increased N, P and K content and microbial mass of soil over control soil. Interestingly, no significant effects were detected on OM, OC, total bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi mass in soil irrespective of treatments given. However fungal and bacterial counts, as well as available nutrients, were found to be higher in processed slurry (PS)-treated soil compared to other soils. In general a significant correlation existed between the fungal count and OM, OC, Zn, T Kjeldahl N (TKN), available P and K of soil. A strong negative correlation was observed between pH and Fe in soil. This study clearly demonstrated that the use of processed manure as a fertilizer could be a key for sustainable livestock agriculture.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.931-939
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• 2019

Biochar is a solid carbon material made by pyrolyzing a biomass under limited oxygen conditions. Biochar has been reported to confer various benefits, such as increased soil productivity, pollutant absorption, and reduced greenhouse gas. In this study, oak pyrolyzed at 600℃ for 3 hours was either powdered or pelleted. Each of the biochar types was added to the soil at a rate of 2%. The control did not receive any biochar while a combination of the biochar and NPK treatment (biochar 2% + NPK) was also included. The cherry tomatoes were grown in greenhouse pots for 50 days to compare the growth characteristics of the different treatments. The cherry tomato with the powdered biochar 2% + NPK treatment had the heaviest plant fresh shoot weight of 276.4 g and the highest chlorophyll content of 59.3 SPAD. The control had the lightest plant fresh shoot weight of 44.2 g and a chlorophyll content of 26.5 SPAD. Both forms of biochar affected the chemical properties of the soil, increased the pH, electrical conductivity, available phosphate, total carbon and total nitrogen and positively influenced the cherry tomato growth and productivity. From the above results, therefore, both biochar forms are suited for use as soil amendments.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.792-797
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• 2012

Glomalin-related soil protein has been suggested as an enhancer for soil stability by promoting the aggregation. In this study, we examined the concentrations of glomalin and characteristics of microbial community in 20 paddy soils sampled from Gyeongnam Province. Total soil glomalin as glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) had a significant positive correlation with soil organic matter (p<0.01) and soil dehydrogenase activity (p<0.01). The concentration of GRSP significantly correlated to soil microbial biomass carbon (p<0.001) and the total bacterial community (p<0.01) in paddy soils. In addition, the GRSP had a significant positive correlation with gram-negative bacteria community (p<0.05) and ratio of cy19:0 to 18:$1{\omega}7c$ (p<0.05) in paddy soils. In conclusion, the concentration of GRSP could be an indicator of soil health that simplify the inspection steps for sustainable agriculture in paddy soils.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.489-496
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• 2013

Ground water underlying soil is vulnerable to pollution by organic chemicals through their percolation through the soil system. This study was conducted to provide information on the seepage behavior of organic chemical contaminants in clay, silty and sandy soils. Chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene are readily transported through the soil; their percolated mass were 4.6-19.2 percent of the total mass applied. Tetrachloroethylene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene and 1,3-dichlorobenzene were retarded by soils due to sorption. Between 0.6 and 4.8 percent of the material applied to the surface percolated within the experimental period. Carbon tetrachloride was attenuated considerably by passage through soils. Only 0.1-0.4 percent of the mass reached the groundwater. Significant degradation of bromoform was observed. Apparent breakdown of intermediates of the brominated compounds were detected. Transformations of the brominated compounds appear to be the result of both biological and chemical processes. The effect of soil type on the mobility of organic chemical contaminants was considerable. The organic contaminants moved faster in sandy soil than in either clay or silty soils.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.707-714
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• 2007

A laboratory experiment was performed to investigate nitrogen removal by the soil column. The addition of 20% waste oyster shell to the soil accelerated nitrification in soil column. The $NO_3^--N$ concentration in the effluent decreased with the decrease of HRT(Hydraulic Retention Time). When methanol and glucose added as carbon sources, the average removal rates of T-N(Total Nitrogen) were 82% and 77.9%, respectively. The $NO_3^--N$ removal by methanol supplementation in soil column can likely be attributed to denitrification. In continuous removal of nitrogen using the soil column, the COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand) and $NH_4^+-N$ removed simultaneously in organic matter decomposing column. The greater part of $NH_4^+-N$ was nitrified by the percolated through nitrification column, and the little $NH_4^+-N$ was found in the effluent. The T-N of 87.4% removed at HRT of 36 hrs in denitrfication column. Because of nitrified effluents from nitrification column are low in carbonaceous matter, an external source of carbon is required.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.89-91
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• 2000

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds are highly carcinogenic chemicals and common groundwater contaminants that are observed to persist in soils. The adherence and slow release of PAHs in soil is an obstacle to remediation and complicates the assessment of cleanup standards and risks. Biological degradation of PAHs in soil has been an area of active research because biological treatment may be less costly than conventional pumping technologies or excavation and thermal treatment. Biological degradation also offers the advantage to transform PAHs into non-toxic products such as biomass and carbon dioxide. Ample evidence exists for aerobic biodegradation of PAHs and many bacteria capable of degrading PAHs have been isolated and characterized. However, the microbial degradation of PAHs in sediments is impaired due to the anaerobic conditions that result from the typically high oxygen demand of the organic material present in the soil, the low solubility of oxygen in water, and the slow mass transfer of oxygen from overlying water to the soil environment. For these reasons, anaerobic microbial degradation technologies could help alleviate sediment PAH contamination and offer significant advantages for cost-efficient in-situ treatment. But very little is known about the potential for anaerobic degradation of PAHs in field soils. The objectives of this research were to assess: (1) the potential for biodegradation of PAH in field aged soils under denitrification conditions, (2) to assess the potential for biodegradation of naphthalene in soil microcosms under denitrifying conditions, and (3) to assess for the existence of microorganisms in field sediments capable of degrading naphthalene via denitrification. Two kinds of soils were used in this research: Harbor Point sediment (HPS-2) and Milwaukee Harbor sediment (MHS). Results presented in this seminar indicate possible degradation of PAHs in soil under denitrifying conditions. During the two months of anaerobic degradation, total PAH removal was modest probably due to both the low availability of the PAHs and competition with other more easily degradable sources of carbon in the sediments. For both Harbor Point sediment (HPS-2) and Milwaukee Harbor sediment (MHS), PAH reduction was confined to 3- and 4-ring PAHs. Comparing PAH reductions during two months of aerobic and anaerobic biotreatment of MHS, it was found that extent of PAHreduction for anaerobic treatment was compatible with that for aerobic treatment. Interestingly, removal of PAHs from sediment particle classes (by size and density) followed similar trends for aerobic and anaerobic treatment of MHS. The majority of the PAHs removed during biotreatment came from the clay/silt fraction. In an earlier study it was shown that PAHs associated with the clay/silt fraction in MHS were more available than PAHs associated with coal-derived fraction. Therefore, although total PAH reductions were small, the removal of PAHs from the more easily available sediment fraction (clay/silt) may result in a significant environmental benefit owing to a reduction in total PAH bioavailability. By using naphthalene as a model PAH compound, biodegradation of naphthalene under denitrifying condition was assessed in microcosms containing MHS. Naphthalene spiked into MHS was degraded below detection limit within 20 days with the accompanying reduction of nitrate. With repeated addition of naphthalene and nitrate, naphthalene degradation under nitrate reducing conditions was stable over one month. Nitrite, one of the intermediates of denitrification was detected during the incubation. Also the denitrification activity of the enrichment culture from MHS slurries was verified by monitoring the production of nitrogen gas in solid fluorescence denitrification medium. Microorganisms capable of degrading naphthalene via denitrification were isolated from this enrichment culture.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.281-288
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• 2004

The change in relationships between methane production and sulfate reduction was investigated in reclaimed rice field soils at different time points after reclamation of tidal flat in Korea. Sulfate concentrations of soils in the ca. 60-year-old and 26-year-old reclaimed rice fields were much lower than that in a natural tidal flat. During 60 d of anaerobic incubation, total methane production and sulfate consumption of the soil slurries were 7.0 ${\mu}$mol $CH_4$/g and 8.2 ${\mu}$mol $SO_4^{2-}$/g in the 60-year-old rice field, 5.6 ${\mu}$mol $CH_4$/g and 12.7 mmol $SO_4^{2-}$/g in the 26-year-old rice field, and ca. 0 mmol $CH_4$/g and 22.4 ${\mu}$mol $SO_4^{2-}$/g in a natural tidal flat. Relative percent electron flow through sulfate reduction in the 60-year-old rice field was much lower (50.8%) compared with the 26-year-old rice field (69.3%) and the tidal flat (99.9%). The addition of an inhibitor of methanogenesis (2-bromoethanesulfonate) had no effect on sulfate reduction in the soil slurries of the reclaimed rice fields. However, instant stimulation of methane production was achieved with addition of an inhibitor of sulfate reduction (molybdate) in the soil slurries from the 26-year-old reclaimed rice field. The specific inhibitor experiments suggest that the relationship of methanogenesis and sulfate reduction might become mutually exclusive or syntrophic depending on sulfate content in the soil after reclamation. Sulfate, thus sulfate reduction activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria, would be an important environmental factor that inhibits methane production and determines the major pathway of electron and carbon flow in anaerobic carbon mineralization of reclaimed rice field soils.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 2012

Agriculture activities account for 58% of total anthropogenic emissions of nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) with global warming potential of 298 times as compared to carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) on molecule to molecule basis. Quantifying $N_2O$ from managed soil is essential to develop national inventories of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective of the study was to compare $N_2O$ emission from livestock compost applied arable land with that for fertilizer treatment. The study was conducted for two years by cultivating Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) in Chuncheon, Gangwon-do. Accumulated $N_2O$ emission during cultivation of Chinese cabbage after applying livestock compost was slightly greater than that for chemical fertilizer. Slightly greater $N_2O$ emission factor for livestock compost was observed than that for chemical fertilizer possibly due to lump application of livestock compost before crop cultivation compared with split application of chemical fertilizers and enhanced denitrification activity through increased carbon availability by organic matter in livestock compost.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.137-154
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• 2010

These objectives of this study were to compute heavy metal and accumulation carbon dioxide fixing quantity from urban green space(street trees and urban parks) in Cheong-ju city and Chungju-city and thus to estimate the effect of urban green space for improving the urban environment. The results are summarized below. 1. Results of the total accumulation of the carbon dioxide fixing quantity of street trees, Cheong-ju city and Chungju-city street tree was 1, 230,000kg-C, 1,270,000 kg-C, respectively. Total accumulation carbon dioxide fixing quantity of Balssan urban park had a 25,000kg-C in Cheong-ju city, Degami sports park had a 6,400kg-C in Chungju-city. 2. Results of heavy metal for street trees, fell in the order Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni >, the highest accumulated heavy metal was Zn, and the lowest was Ni. Total heavy metal concentration according to land-use area, was observed in order, for residental areas(157.26 mg/kg) > industrial areas(141.71 mg/kg) > commercial areas(118.55 mg/kg) > and greenspace areas(61.95 mg/kg) in Cheong-ju city. 3. Total heavy metal concentration for street trees fell in the order of commercial areas(84.48 mg/kg) > residental areas(83.70 mg/kg) > and greenspace(48.23 mg/kg) according to land-use area in Chungju-city. Comparatively, Cheong-ju city had more total heavy metal concentration than Chungju-city. 4. Heavy metal for soil that planted street trees was observed in order of Zn > Cu > Pb( > Ni > Cr > As > Cd), and Zn was highest, and Cd was lowest. Total heavy metal concentration for soil fell in the order commercial area(91.82mg/kg) > industrial area(85.96mg/kg) > residental area(67.55mg/kg) > greenspace(43.13mg/kg) according to land-use area in Cheong-ju city. 5. Heavy metal for soil that planted street trees was observed in order of Zn > Pb > Cu( > Ni > Cr > As > Cd, and Zn was highest. Total heavy metal concentration for soil fell in the order commercial area(87.66mg/kg) > greenspace(72.73mg/kg) $${\geq_-}$$ residental area(70.10mg/kg) in Chungju-city.