• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.454-458
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• 2004

This study was carried out to clarify the effect of sulfur fertilization method on the qualities of safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) seed. Sulfur application increased the nitrogen and sulfur content of seed. In nitrogen content, there was no significant difference among sulfur fertilizers, whereas sulfur content was increased by raising ammonium sulfate (AS) amounts by soil application. In application method of AS, there was no significantly difference between foliar application and soil application with 8 kg S/10a. N/S ratio in seed was decreased by sulfur application, and also decreased with the increase of AS amounts by soil application. The contents of lipid and protein were increased by sulfur application. Lipid content was highest in foliar application, and protein content was lowest in AS 4 kg S/10a. By sulfur application, the content of total phenolics and electron donating ability (EDA) were increased by $3.1{\sim}4.7%$ and $3.6{\sim}8.5%$, respectively compared with control. In content of total phenolics, there was no significant difference among sulfur fertilizers, but EDA was higher in sulfur powder 20 kg/10a and AS 8 kg S/10a than that in other fertilizers. Sulfur application showed positive effects on the qualities of safflower seed. In application effects, AS and foliar application were more efficient than sulfur powder and soil application, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.227-236
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• 2019

Antioxidant activity in water and ethanol extracts of dried Lycium chinense fruit, as a result of the total phenolic and tannin content, was measured using a number of chemical and biochemical assays for radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, with the analysis being extended by applying a bootstrapping statistical method. Previous statistical analyses mostly provided linear correlation and regression analyses between antioxidant activity and increasing concentrations of phenolics and tannins in a concentration-dependent mode. The present study showed that multiple component or multivariate analysis by applying multiple regression analysis or regression planes proved more informative than linear regression analysis of the relationship between the concentration of individual components and antioxidant activity. In this paper, we represented the multivariate analysis of antioxidant activities of both phenolic and tannin contents combined in the water and ethanol extracts, which revealed the hidden observations that were not evident from linear statistical analysis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.80-87
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• 2011

Panax ginseng has been used as a traditional medicine for several centuries in Korea. A laboratory experiment using methanol extracts of freeze-dried leaves and roots in the different ages of P. ginseng was conducted to determine the content of phenolics and flavonoids, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity. The results indicate that the total phenolics level [mg ferulic acid equivalents (FAE) $kg^{-1}$ DW] was higher in leaves (22.0 to 76.3 mg $kg^{-1}$) than roots (19.0 to 28.3 mg $kg^{-1}$) of P. ginseng. The total content of phenolics in roots increased with increase in age of P. ginseng from one to six years. However, the content of phenolics in P. ginseng leaf decreased with the increase in age. Total flavonoid [mg naringin equivalents $kg^{-1}$ DW] was more detected in the leaves (30.3 to 138.6 mg $kg^{-1}$) than in the roots (0.0 to 10.6 mg $kg^{-1}$) of P. ginseng. The total flavonoid level in leaves decreased with increase in age of P. ginseng. The antioxidant potential of the methanol extracts from the plants dose-dependently increased. DPPH free radical scavenging activity was higher in leaves (36.9 to 82.8%) than in roots (14.8 to 39.4%), and in young plants than in old ones. According to 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the methanol extracts from 5 year-root part showed the highest cytotoxicity against Calu-6, followed by 2 year- and 3 year-roots. However, the methanol extracts from 6 year- and 4 year-roots had lower cytotoxicity. Total phenolics content in both leaves and roots was highly correlated with the DPPH radical scavenging ($r^2=0.7366$ to 0.7870) and nitrite scavenging ($r^2=0.5604$ to 0.8794) activities, suggesting that they contribute to the antioxidant properties of the P. ginseng plants.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.166-172
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• 2005

Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to monitor the effects of steaming and roasting conditions of Polygonatum odoratum roots an total phenolics content, electron donating ability (EDA) and nitrite-scavenging ability (NSA) of the extract. In steaming and roasting processes based on the central composite design. with variations in steaming time $(60\~180\;min)$, roasting temperature $(110\~150\;min)$ and roasting time $(10\~50\;min)$, coefficients of determinations $(R^2)$ were 0.9356 (p<0.01) in total phenolics, 0.9578 (p<0.01) in EDA and 0.9436 (p<0.01) in NSA (pH 3.0). The maximum value of total phenolics was $2847.67\;mg\%$ at 135.59 min of steaming time, $143.84^{\circ}C$ of roasting temperature and 43.47 min of roasting time. The maximum value of EDA was $75.00\%$ in 108.98 min, $135.56^{\circ}C$ and 48.86 min. The maximum value of NSA (pH 3.0) was $87.38\%$ in 162.80 min, $143.88^{\circ}C$ and 31.97 min, respectively. Total phenolics content of the extract was influenced by heating conditions in the order of roasting temperature, steaming time and roasting time. While EDA and NSA were appreciably influenced by roasting time, followed by roasting temperature and steaming time.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.662-668
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• 2021

Aster koraiensis Nakai (A. koraiensis) which has been used as a food and medicinal plant in the past, is valuable as functional food material. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant properties and major phenolics of A. koraiensis extracts with different ethanol concentrations (0, 50, 70, and 100% aqueous ethanol solution). When ethanol concentration in the extraction solvent was increased, extraction yield decreased; 34.2, 23.2, 21.0, and 5.5% in 0, 50, 70, and 100% ethanolic extracts, respectively. Total phenolics content and antioxidant activities of extracts were increased in an ethanol concentration-dependant manner. The major phenolics in the extracts were chlorogenic acid (21.264~58.666 mg/g), isochlorogenic acid A (10.432~145.353 mg/g), and isochlorogenic acid C(0.239~13.148 mg/g), and these phenolic contents were higher in 70 and 100% ethanolic extracts than other extracts. Significant correlations were observed between ethanol concentration of extraction solvent, antioxidant properties, and major phenolics. These results indicated that the optimal ethanol concentration for extraction was 70%.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 2007

Spongy Alphonso mangoes were found to be infected with Staphylococcus bacteria. A Gram positive Staphylococcus strain was isolated from spongy pulp and identified from CABI Bioscience, UK, by partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis and by morphological and biochemical characterization through IMTECH, Chandigarh, India. Although identification by both of these methods indicated the organism belonged to same genus, different species names were given. Changes in total phenolics, reducing, and non-reducing sugars, respiration rate, total carotenoids, peroxidase(POX), and catalase activities were monitored during ripening of these fruits. The climacteric rise in spongy fruits was marked by an increase in respiration rate and a decrease in sugar content. Total phenolics content increased in spongy fruits as compared to ripe non-spongy fruits. Development of corky white tissue in spongy fruits was associated with about a 2.5-fold reduction in total carotenoids and a concomitant increase in lipoxygenase-mediated, $\beta$-carotene co-oxidation. A marked decrease in soluble protein content and about a 1.5-fold increase in POX activity was observed. Maximum POX activity was confined to 50-70%$(NH_4)_2SO_4$ fraction. The intense dark bands visible after POX specific substrate staining of the Native gel indicated a high expression of isoenzymes of POX in spongy fruits. Similarly, changes in levels of catalase activity were also observed in spongy fruits. The results suggest that infection of Alphonso mangoes with Staphylococcus bacteria affects the normal ripening processes of the fruit interfering with the carbohydrate and carotenoid metabolism. Also, the studies indicate the expression of POX and catalase enzymes as a plant defense response to microbial invasion.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.91-97
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• 2009

This expriment was carried out on culture media which affect growth, development and physiological effect to Pleurotus ostreatus, when aqueous ferrum, red pepper powder, leaves of ginkgo biloba were added to culture media. The yield of fresh mushroom per 850ml PP bottle in chunchu-neutari was highest by 144g in 34.9g aqueous ferrum added, ferrous content don't affected to yield of mushroom, but variety of Pleurotus ostreatus affect to yield. Mineral content of fruit body and culture media in Suhan-neutari was different to mineral kind, ferrous content of furit body was similar to 0.31~0.43mg/kg when ferrous content of media was increased in 0.89mg/kg to 10.8mg/kg. The more content of red pepper powder in culture media was high, the more capsaicin content in fruit body was high. transferred capsaicin was highest by 6 mg/100g in Suhan-neutari. Total phenolics content were higher in culture media which was added aqueous ferrum and red pepper powder, but correlation don't showed total phenolics content among antioxydant activity, reducing power, chelating capacity. Macrophage activation was higher in Suhan-neutari than other Pleurotus spp.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.1725-1730
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• 2010

To obtain basic information on the potential use of propolis as a raw material in functional food, proximate composition, total phenolics content and antioxidant activities of different propolis extracts in Korea were investigated. Propolis had the highest level of crude fat and the lowest level of crude fiber. The total phenolics content of ethanol and water extract of propolis from Geochang (GEE and GWE), ethanol and water extract of propolis from Jeju (JEE and JWE) were 184.17, 316.19, 204.33 and 47.83 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, respectively. GWE contained relatively higher levels of total phenolics than the other extracts. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was assessed by different in vitro assays such as DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and peroxidation inhibiting activities through linoleic acid emulsion system. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of all the extracts were dose dependent. The GWE exhibited the best performance in reducing power, FRAP, and lipid peroxidation using ferric thiocyanate (FTC) assay. These results demonstrated that GWE has excellent antioxidant activities and thus it has great potential as a raw material for functional food.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.912-919
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• 2020

Hardy kiwifruits (Actinidia arguta Planch.) have high amounts of antioxidants, including ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and phenolics. The anti-cholinesterase activity and neuroprotective effects of three different cultivars of hardy kiwifruits, cv. Mansu (A. arguta × A. deliciosa), cv. Haeyeon (A. arguta), and cv. Chiak (A. arguta), on PC-12 and SH-SY5Y cells were evaluated. Extraction of phenolics and vitamin C was carried out using 80% (v/v) aqueous ethanol and metaphosphoric acid assisted with homogenization, respectively. Hardy kiwifruit of cv. Mansu showed higher total phenolic, total flavonoid, and vitamin C contents and antioxidant capacity compared to the other two cultivars of hardy kiwifruits, cv. Haeyeon and cv. Chiak. Analysis of high-performance liquid chromatography results revealed the presence of procyanidin B2, (-)-epicatechin, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, and astragalin in hardy kiwifruits. The three cultivars of hardy kiwifruits had a wide range of vitamin C content of 55.2-130.0 mg/100 g fresh weight. All three cultivars of hardy kiwifruits had protective effects on neuronal PC-12 and SH-SY5Y cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide by increasing cell viability and reducing intracellular oxidative stress. Furthermore, the hardy kiwifruits inhibited acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Collectively, these results suggest that hardy kiwifruits rich in antioxidants like phenolics and vitamin C have good potential as functional materials in neuroprotective applications.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.996-1000
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• 2009

Sapium japonicum was extracted by a pressurized liquid. Operating parameters such as the type and the ratio of solvent to water, temperature, pressure, and number of extractions were investigated as the main variables that influence the extraction efficiencies of total phenolics (TP). MeOH extracted the highest level of TP as 50.4 mg GAE/g compared to 48.8 and 27.2 mg GAE/g with $H_2O$ and EtOH, respectively. $EtOH:H_2O$ (40:60, v/v) was found to be the best solvent for TP extraction as 90.3 mg GAE/g compared to 85.0 and 84.3 mg GAE/g in 40:60 and 60:40 of $MeOH:H_2O$, respectively. TP were increased with the increase of the number of extraction steps. TP content was increased by 11% as the extraction temperature was increased from 40 (97.4) to $50{\circ}C$ (108.3 mg GAE/g). The optimum extraction conditions of TP were; extraction solvent, $EtOH:H_2O$ (40:60, v/v); temperature, $50{\circ}C$; pressure, 10.2 MPa; 2 extraction steps.