• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.74-79
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• 2008

This research was conducted to evaluate fungal and bacterial populations in unhulled and brown rice under indoor storage conditions, and to examine the relationship between microbial populations and environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity. The temperature and relative humidity of the storage room ranged from $22.6^{\circ}C\;to\;27.0^{\circ}C$ and 23.3% to 44.2%, respectively. Total fungal and bacterial populations remained relatively stable over the storage period. Predominant fungi included Aspergillus candidus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, and Penicillium spp.; the predominant bacteria were Bacillus, Microbacterium, Sphingomonas, and Methylobacterium spp. Total fungi and bacteria were not significantly correlated with either unhulled (r=0.448, P=0.372) or brown (r=0.466, P=0.351) rice. In unhulled rice, total fungi showed positive correlations with total Aspergillus (r=0.994, P<0.001) and total Penicillium (r=0.906, P<0.05); A. flavus was positively correlated with total Aspergillus (r=0.913, P<0.05) and total fungi (r=0.868, P<0.05). In brown rice, Bacillus spp. was also positively correlated with total bacteria (r=0.998, P<0.001). Mean temperature was negatively correlated with A. candidus (r=-0.852, P<0.05) and total fungi (r=-0.961, P<0.01), and mean relative humidity was positively correlated with total Penicillium spp.(r=0.884, P<0.05) in brown rice. Hence these results could provide basic information on the fungal and bacterial populations in unhulled and brown rice stored under room conditions, and on the effect of environmental conditions on the populations of fungi and bacteria, especially Aspergillus and Penicillium spp.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.23 no.3_4
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• pp.153-158
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• 1979

Free amino acids in extracts and total amino acids in hydrolysates of eight species of higher fungi were analyzed by an amino acid autoanalyzer. Twenty amino acids were analyzed in eight species of higher fungi. 1) of all free amino acids contained in higher fungi, alanine is the richest, and then comes glutamic acid, serine, arginine, proline and histidine in that order. Of all total amino acids contained in higher fungi, glutamic acid is the richest, and then comes proline, valine, aspartic acid, alanine, leucine in that order. Especially Russula fragilis and Lepiota procera contain large quantity of glutamic acid. 2) Gross contents of free amino acids in the extracts is high in order of Lepiota procera, Phylloporus rhodoxanthus, Russula fragilis, Tylopilus felleus and total amino acids in hydrolysates is high in Phylloporus rhodoxanthus, Lepiota procera, Russula fragilis, Lentinus lepideus. 3) Total amount of essential amino acids in the extracts was high in Lepiota procera, Phylloporus rhodoxanthus, Tylopilus felleus, Xylaria hypoxylon, Lentinus lepideus, Russula fragilis, Lactarius piperatus and Calocybe gambosa and in the hydrolysates of Phylloparus rhodoxanthus, Russula fragilis, Lepiota procera, Tylopilus felleus, Lentinus lepideus, Lactarius piperatus, Calocybe gambosa and Xylaria hypoxylon in that order, respectively.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1038-1041
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• 2009

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by the aflatoxigenic fungi in suitable conditions. Saffron, Crocus sativus, is the most expensive spice in the world. Saffron is normally contaminated with soil and hand microflora during harvest and post-harvest operations. In this study, rapid assessment of aflatoxigenic fungi in saffron was accomplished using polymerase chain reaction. In total, 37 market samples were assayed in order to isolate aflatoxin-producing fungi. The 18.9% of the total samples were contaminated with aflatoxigenic fungi. Our results also show that most of the isolated fungi were saprophytes which are normally originated from soil during harvest and postharvest process.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.1 s.88
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• pp.36-45
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• 2006

The aim of this study is to examine size-based concentration and genera of airborne fungi distributed in public facilities such as hospital, kindergarten, day-care center and postpartum nurse center and to provide fundamental data in order to prevent respiratory diseases caused by exposure to airborne fungi. Culturable total and respirable concentrations of airborne fungi averaged to $382\;cfu/m^3\;and\;292\;cfu/m^3$ in hospital, $536\;cfu/m^3\;and\;347\;cfu/m^3$ in kindergarten, $334\;cfu/m^3\;and\;266\;cfu/m^3$ in day-care center, and $371\;cfu/m^3\;and\;289\;cfu/m^3$ in postpartum nurse center, respectively. The ratio of respirable to total concentration of airborne fungi in the investigated public facilities was ranged from $55\%\;to\;70\%$ but there was no significant difference among them (p>0.05). The mean I/O ratio of culturable total and respirable concentrations were 0.56 and 0.64 in hospital, 0.72 and 0.91 in kindergarten, 0.33 and 0.45 in day-care center, and 0.63 and 0.73 in postpartum nurse center, respectively. Indoor concentration of airborne fungi did not correlated significantly with indoor temperature and relative humidity (p>0.05) but had a significant positive correlation with $CO_2$ concentration (p<0.01) and surrounding condition (p<0.05). Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., and Aspergillus spp. were estimated to over $95\%$ of total airborne fungi identified in the investigated public facilities.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 2024

This study evaluates the microbial safety of ginseng sprouts packaged in moss and a modified atmosphere (MA) film within Styrofoam boxes. Ginseng sprout samples were stored at 4℃ for seven days, and the total fungi and aerobic bacteria counts, relative humidity, and moisture content were measured at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. During the storage period, both packaging treatments caused an increase in the total fungi and aerobic bacteria counts. However, by the seventh day, the ginseng sprouts packaged in the MA film demonstrated significantly lower counts of total fungi (3.03 log CFU/g) and aerobic bacteria (7.32 log CFU/g) than those in moss (3.66 and 7.63 log CFU/g, respectively). Moss packaging alone resulted in the total fungi count reaching up to 3.36 log CFU/g, with the aerobic bacteria count consistently exceeding 7 log CFU/g, highlighting the importance of hygienic management. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in the moisture content and relative humidity between the MA-film- and moss-packaged groups throughout storage. These findings indicate that the functional MA film is a more hygienic packaging solution for ginseng sprouts than moss.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.348-363
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• 2017

We analyzed the mixed culture characteristics of isolated brewing fungi obtained from Korean traditional nuruk for their development as fermentation starters. In a previous study, we selected appropriate fungi strains based on their large fungi bodies and strong enzyme activities. These fungi strains were mixed cultured under various combination of ratios, pHs and temperatures. As a result, total acidities of R. delemar mixed culture media were higher than those of A. oryzae cultured at $20^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$. The pHs of A. luchuensis 34-1 and A. oryzae 37-7 as well as R. delemar 58-8 and A. oryzae 37-7 mixed culture media gradually increased with the culture period. On the contrary, total acidities of the mixed culture media gradually decreased. ${\alpha}-Amylase$ activities of R. delemar 26-4 and R. oryzae 82-7 mixed culture media were strong at $20^{\circ}C$ and pH 4, glucoamylase activities of R. delemar 58-8 and A. oryzae 37-7 were strong at $37^{\circ}C$, pH 3 and 1:2 ratio, and acidic protease activities of R. delemar 26-4 and A. oryzae 78-5 were strong at $20^{\circ}C$, pH 4 and 1:4 ratio. This study provides the optimal mixed culture conditions for fermentation starters based on changes in pH and total acidity, favorable enzyme activities, and fungi varieties.

• Mycobiology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2003

A total of 82 genera and 271 species of soil-inhabiting fungi including saprobic, nematode-trapping, and arbuscular mycorrhizal but plant pathogenic fungi published hitherto in South Korea are listed with the information on geographic location, habitat, vegetation when available, and relevant literatures.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.91-114
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• 1978

To investigate the fungal flora in Korea, the basidio-mycetes and other higher fungi were collected in Seoul and Gyung-gi Province and examined for identification. Nine species and two varieties were identified and two of them, Agaricus xanthodermus Gen. and Lactarius nigroviolascens var. marginatus Smith & Hesler, were found to be unrecorded fungi. The total number of the higher fungi in Korea now exceeds 600 species including those reported during the past five years.

• Mycobiology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2014

From April 2009 to October 2011, we surveyed the higher fungi in the Byeonsanbando National Park, Korea. In total, we identified 2 kingdoms, 3 divisions, 7 classes, 22 orders, 63 families, 149 genera, and 313 species (including 6 undocumented taxa: 2 families, 2 genera, and 2 species). Seventeen 17 orders, 49 families, 128 genera, and 286 species belonged to Basidiomycota; 7 orders, 9 families, 15 genera, and 21 species were of Ascomycota; and 4 orders, 5 families, 6 genera, and 6 species of primordial fungi. Among the Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes were represented by 47 families, 126 genera, and 282 species. The most common fungi were Boletaceae (33 species), followed by Russulaceae (30), Agaricaceae (27), and Amanitaceae (24). Various species of most of the higher fungi occurred during periods with average temperatures of $23{\sim}24.9^{\circ}C$, maximum temperatures of $28{\sim}31.9^{\circ}C$, minimum temperatures of $22{\sim}22.9^{\circ}C$, > 82% relative humidity, and > 200 mm precipitation.

• Mycobiology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.97-100
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• 2017

Endangered native plant habitats and populations are rapidly disappearing because of climate and environmental changes. As a representative, the abundance of the first-class endangered wild plant, Cypripedium japonicum, has been rapidly decreasing in Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the distribution of rhizosphere and endophytic fungi on C. japonicum in its native habitat. A total of 440 rhizosphere and 79 endosphere fungi isolates were isolated and identified on the basis of their molecular characteristics. Sixty-five genera and 119 fungi species were identified in this study. The genus Trichoderma showed the highest abundance among both rhizosphere and endosphere fungi. Mortierella, Hypocrea, and Penicillium spp. were also relatively dominant species on C. japonicum. The community structures of rhizosphere and endosphere fungi were similar, but endosphere fungi showed greater diversity.