• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.79-86
• /
• 2018

BACKGROUND: Chinese cabbage biosynthesizes various phytochemicals including carotenoids and glucosinolates. Environmental stress has a major effect on the growth and yields of vegetables, and can significantly affect nutritionally important phytochemicals. Phytochemicals of plants are influenced by light, temperature, carbon dioxide, and growing conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various light sources on carotenoid and glucosinolate contents in Chinese cabbage. METHODS AND RESULTS: [Experiment I] Set the control (field control, FC) on the ground. Using acrylic sunlight, experiments were set up transparency box (field transparency, FT), red box (field red, FR) and blue box (field blue, FB). [Experiment II] Set the control (chamber control, CC) in the greenhouse. Using plant growth chamber with artificial light, experiments were set up LED red (chamber red, CR), LED blue (chamber blue, CB), LED mixed red+blue (chamber red+blue, CRB) and fluorescent (chamber fluorescent, CF). After plant growth, Chinese cabbage was harvested at 110 days after sowing (DAS). The status of plants growth (leaf length, width, fresh weight etc.) was immediately investigated. Carotenoid and GSL contents were analyzed by HPLC. [Experiment I] Results documented that the ranges of total carotenoid contents were 25.39 ~ 58.80 mg/kg dry wt for lutein, 0.84~ 4.22 mg/kg dry wt for zeaxanthin, and 3.85~18.71 mg/kg dry wt for ${\beta}$-carotene. Lutein was the highest for the content and the largest for the variation as well. [Experiment II] Results documented that the ranges of total carotenoid contents were 24.66~137.96 for lutein, 2.51~20.65 for zeaxanthin, and 8.40~49.80 mg/kg dry wt for ${\beta}$-carotene. The total carotenoid contents of CR (156.62) and CB (115.90) were 1.6~2.3 times larger than the other treatments, and ${\beta}$-carotene content was about twice as high as that of the other treatments on the CR (38.74 mg/kg dry wt.). [Experiment I] Total GSL content was the highest in FT (19.76) that was higher 1.7 times than the lowest treatment ($11.39{\mu}mol/g\;dry\;wt$.). [Experiment II] The total content of GSL was highest in CRB (4.19) and lowest in CF ($2.88{\mu}mol/g\;dry\;wt$.). In the CRB, total GSL contents ($4.19{\mu}mol/g\;dry\;wt$.) was the highest. CONCLUSION: Total and individual carotenoid and GSL contents in Chinese cabbage show significant differences under different light sources. Red and blue lights contribute to significant carotenoids expression and antioxidant activity for nutrition and health benefits. These results concluded that the introduction of varying lights affected the synthesis of important nutrient compounds in Chinese cabbage. It is predicted that the application of good light source enhances the accumulation of functional compounds.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제65권1호
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 1984

솔잎혹파리 (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) 침해(侵害)에 따른 생장(生長) 감소(減少)와 색소변이(色素變異)를 조사비교(調査比較)하기 위해 지난해에 솔잎혹파리 피해(被害)가 심(甚)한 지역(地域)-경기도(京畿道) 수원시(水原市) 파장동(巴場洞)-에서 감수성(感受性) 수종(樹種)인 소나무(Pinus densi flora S. et Z.)와 저항성(低抗性) 수종(樹種)인 리기다소나무(Pinus rigida Mill)를 대상으로 솔잎혹파리 침입전(侵入前), 후(後)의 침엽생장(針葉生長), 광합성능력(光合成能力) 및 호흡율(呼吸率), 엽록소(葉綠素) 그리고 carotenoid 및 anthocyanin 색소함량(色素含量)의 변화(變化)를 1983년年 6월(月)부터 10월(月)까지 월별(月別)로 조사(調査)하였으며, 또한 3, 4월(月)에는 토양(土壤)속에서 월동중(越冬中)인 유충(幼虫)과 9월(月)에 솔잎속에서 생장(生長)하는 유충(幼虫)의 carotenoid와 anthocyanin 색소(色素) 함량(含量)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 침엽생장(針葉生)에 있어서 솔잎혹파리에 침해(侵害)를 받은 피해엽(被害葉)이 건전엽(健全葉)에 비(比)하여 소나무에 있어서는 48.1%. 리기다소나무에 있어서는 37.4%정도의 생장(生長) 감소(減少)를 보였다. 2) 광합성(光合成) 능력(能力)에 있어서는 두 수종(樹種) 모두 건전엽(健全葉)이 피해엽(被害葉)보다 높았으며, 소나무에서는 8월(月)에 최대치(最大値)를 보였으나 리기다소나무에서는 10월(月)에 최대치(最大値)를 보였다. 한편, 호흡율(呼吸率) 있어서는 리기다소나무가 소나무보다 높았으며, 두 수종(樹種) 모두 피해엽(被害葉)이 건전엽(健全葉)보다 높았다. 3) 엽록소(葉綠素) 함량(合量)에 있어서는 리기다소나무가 소나무보다 높았으며, 두 수종(樹種) 모두 피해엽(被害葉)이 건전엽(健全葉)보다 높았다. 4) 일반적(一般的)으로, 솔잎혹파리에 저항성(低抗性)인 리기다소나무가 감수성(感受性)인 소나무보다 carotenoid 함량(合量)이 많았다. 또한 토양중(土壤中) 유충(幼虫)에서는 carotenoid 함량(合量)이 0.094.mg/g, 충영(虫癭)속 유충(幼虫)에서는 0.092 mg/g을 보여 서로 비슷하였으며, 이는 침엽(針葉)에서 나타난 함량(含量)보다 적었다. 5) Anthocyanin 함량(含量)에 있어서는 두 수종(樹種) 모두 피해엽(被害葉)이 건전엽(健全葉)보다 높았으며, 특히 소나무의 충영엽(虫癭葉)에서 높게 나타난 것은 솔잎혹파리침해(侵害)의 자극(刺戟)으로 인한 함량(含量)의 증가(增加)이며 따라서 가을에 충영부위(虫癭部位)가 적갈색(赤褐色)으로 변(變)한다고 생각된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.15-21
• /
• 1975

소나무좀에 감수성(感受性)인 소나무류(類) 잎에는 carotenoid의 함량(含量)이 많고 저항성(抵抗性)인 소나무류(類) 잎에는 그 함량(含量)이 적다는 흑목등(黑木等)의 보고(報告)에 따라 소나무 곰슬 리기다소나무 잣나무 리기테-다소나무 태-다소나무의 소나무좀에 대한 저항성정도(抵抗性程度)를 밝히기 위하여 이들 소나무류(類)의 일년생(一年生) 묘목(苗木)의 침엽(針葉)으로부터 Carotenoid를 추출분석(抽出分析)하여 얻어진 결과(結果)를 다음과 같이 요약(要約)할 수 있다. 이들 소나무류(類)에 함유(含有)되어 있는 carotenoid의 가시부(可視部) 흡수(吸收)spectrum은 매우 비슷하였다. 이들 일정침엽량(一定針葉量)에 함유(含有)된 carotenoid의 량(量)은 잣나무>리기다소나무>곰솔>리기테-다소나무>테-다소나무의 순(順)이였다. Carotenoid는 아가시아 밤나무 편백 희마라야시-다 잎에도 함유(含有)되어 있었고 이들 9수종(樹種)의 carotenoid의 총함량비교(總含量比較)는 아가시아>리기다소나무>곰솔>밤나무>리기테-다소나무>테-다소나무>편백>희마라야시-다 순(順)으로 나타나 이것은 carotenoid의 함량(含量)과 소나무좀에 대한 저항성정도(抵抗性程度)를 직결(直結)시켜서 설명(說明)하는데에는 난점(難點)이 있다고 생각되었다. carotenoid의 thin layer chromatography에 의하면 소나무 잣나무 리기다소나무에서는 13개(個)의 spot기외(其外)의 소나무류(類)에서는 12개(個)의 spot가 자외선형광등(紫外線螢光燈) $3,600{\AA}$과 $2,537{\AA}$하(下)에서 나타났다. 소나무 잣나무 리기다소나무의 8번째 spot는 다른소나무류(類)와 소나무류외(類外)의 수종(樹種)(밤나무 아가시아 편백 희마라야시-다)에서는 나타나지 않았으며 특(特)히 소나무의 8번째 spot는 자외선형광등(紫外線螢光燈) $2,537{\AA}$하(下)에서 cobalt blue의 강(强)한 형광(螢光)을 발(發)하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제29권5호
• /
• pp.922-934
• /
• 2000

To investigate the composition of carotenoids present in marine organisms and the biological activity of the carotenoids, carotenoids of the muscles and tunic of tunicates and shellfishes were isolated and identified. Anitmutagenic activities of the carotenoids for S. typhimurium TA 98 and cytotoxic activity for cancer cell lines were determined. Total carotenoid contents in the muscle of tunicata ranged from 18.65 mg% to 2.39 mg%. The highest amount of the total carotenoid was found in the muscle of Halocynthia aurantium, followed by Styela clava (HERDMAN), H. roretzi, H. hilgendorfi f. igaboya, H. hilgendorfi f. retteri, S. plicata (LESUEUR) in order. Interestingly, total carotenoid content in the muscle of S. clava (HERDAMAN) was higher than that of H. roretzi. Total carotenoid content of all tunicata, other than H. aurantium and H. roretzi, were higher in muscle than tunic. The major carotenoids in H. roretzi, H. aurantium, S. plicata (LESUEUR), and S. clava (HERDAMAN) were cynthiaxanthin (25.1∼42.2%), halocynthiaxanthin (9.7∼26.3%), diatoxanthin (8.0∼18.7%) and β-carotene (7.7%∼21.7%). Similarly, cantaxanthin (19.6%), cynthiaxanthin (15.4%), halocynthiaxanthin (14.8%), and (3R, 3'R), (3S, 3'S)-astaxanthin (22.6%) in H. hilgendorfi f. retteri and fucoxanthin (26.6%), cynthiaxanthin (21.8%), halocynthiaxanthin (15.2%), and β-carotene (9.3%) in H. hilgendorfi f. igaboya were major carotenoids in both tunicate. However, the composition of carotenoids in muscle and tunic of tunicata was similar each other. Among the shellfishes examined, total carotenoid content of the muscle of Peronidia venulosa (Schrenck) and Corbicula fluminea, and of the gonad of Atrina pinnata and Chlamys farreri, was ranged from 2.51 to 6.83 mg% which were relatively higher than that of other shellfishes. The composition of the carotenoids of shellfishes, which might depend upon their living environments, was varied. But cynthiaxanthin (15.9∼39.0%) and zeaxanthin (9.6∼21.9%) in gonad of C. farreri, and muscles of Buccinum Volutharpa perryi (JAY) and Crassostrea gigas, cynthiaxanthin (21.5∼48.6%) and mytiloxanthin (14.6%) in muscle of C.fluminea and gonad of A. pinnata, and canthaxanthin (60.6%) and isozeaxanthin (20.5%) in muscles of P. venulosa (Schrenck), and β-carotene (23.7%∼37.8%) and zeaxanthin (18.2∼20.4) in muscles of Semisulcospira libertina and Meretrix lusoria were major carotenoids. Interestingly, diester type-carotenoids were present along with free type-carotenoids in muscles of C. gigas. antimutagenic effect of the carotenoids isolated from tunicata and shellfishes against 2-amino-3-methylimidazol [4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) for S. typhimurium TA 98 was proportional to the amount (20, 50 and 100㎍/plate) treated. Mutagenicity of IQ was significantly reduced by astaxanthin, isozeaxanthin, mytiloxanthin and halocynthiaxanthin, whereas the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁) was significantly reduced by β-carotene, isozeaxanthin, and mytiloxnthin. Growth inhibition effect of carotenoids isolated from tunicata and shellfishes for cancer cell was proportional to the amount (5, 10, and 20㎍/plate) treated. The growth of HeLa cell by β-carotene, cynthiaxanthin, astaxanthin and halocynthiaxanthin, NCI-H87 cell by β-carotene, astaxanthin, cynthiaxanthin, and halocynthiaxanthin, HT-29 cell by β-carotene, cynthiaxanthin, mytiloxanthin and halocynthiaxanthin, and MG-63 cells by β-carotene, cynthiaxanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and halocynthiaxanthin were statistically reduced.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.520-524
• /
• 1999

한국 특산어인 각시붕어 (Rhodeus uyekii)는 산란기인 5월 중순에서 6월 초순사이에 나타나는 혼인색이 아름다워 관상어로서의 개발 가능성이 높다. 자라서 혼인색이 가장 많이 나타나는 시기에 이 어류의 체표, 지느러미 둥에 분포하는 색소 조성을 알아보았다. 각시붕어 혼인색의 주성분은 carotenoids인 것으로 나타났다. 천연산 각시붕어의 표피 및 지느러미 부위의 총 carotenoid의 함량은 산란기 어류에서 $44.9mg\%$, 비산란기는 $41.8mg\%$로 나타나 산란기에서 다소 높은 경향을 나타냈다. Carotenoids의 조성에서는 자연 수계에서 산란기에서는 zeaxanthin $36.7\%$, $\beta$-carotene $30.1\%$ 및 diatoxanthin $16.4\%$, 비산란기에서는 $\beta$-carotene $41.2\%$, diatoxanthin $18.1\%$ 및 isocryptoxanthin $14.0\%$로 나타나 산란기의 carotenoid 주성분은 zeaxanthin이며 비산란기의 carotenoid 주성분은 $\beta$-carotene으로 carotenoids 조성의 차이를 보였다.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.125-130
• /
• 2006

We have examined the bioaccumulation patterns and the ecophysiological responses (photosynthetic pigment and total antioxidative capacity) of Monochoria korsakowi exposed to various cadmium concentrations, one of major environmental pollutants. Cadmium ion contents in M. korsakowi increased significantly with higher cadmium concentration, and most of the accumulated cadmium was found in the root parts. Biomass of each part decreased with higher cadmium concentration. As cadmium treatment concentration was increased, chlorophyll a content was decreased, whereas chlorophyll b content was increased. However, the variations of total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were not evident. Total antioxidative capacity in the leaves of cadmium treated M. korsakowi increased greatly with higher cadmium concentration. We considered these results as indicative of the ability of M. Korsakowi plants to take up cadmium from wetlands.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제28권5호
• /
• pp.1099-1106
• /
• 1999

Effects of dietary carotenoids were investigated on metabolism of the carotenoids, and body pigmen tation in oily bittering, Acheilognathus koreensis. Two weeks later after depletion,oily bitterings were fed the diets supplemented with either lutein, cynthiaxanthin and astaxathin for 4 weeks. Carotenoids distributed to and metabolized in integument were analyed. The carotenoid isolated from the integument of wild oily bittering, composed of 47.2% zeaxanthin, 11.4% lutein epoxide, 11.0% diatoxanthin, 9.7% lutein and 8.3% zeaxanthin epoxide. Meanwhile, two weeks later after depletion, the carotenoid composed of 29.9% crytoxanthin, 19.3% zeaxanthin, 13.2% lutein epoxide, 12.0% diatoxanthin and 8.8% zeaxanthin epoxide. These indicated that zeaxanthin, diatoxanthin, lutein epoxide and zeaxanthin epoxide were actively metabolized in oily bittering, compared to that of other fresh water fish. Total carotenoid content in the integument of wild oily bittering and oily bittering depleted for two weeks was found to be 1.72mg% and 2.08mg%, respectively. Two weeks later after treatment of experimental diet, total carotenoids content was increased to 2.23mg% in lutein, 2.36mg% in cynthiaxanthin and 2.49mg% in astaxanthin supplemented group, which were relatively higher than 2.10mg% in control group. Meanwhile, 4 weeks later, total ca rotenoids content was decreased to 1.76mg% in control, 1.95mg% in lutein, 1.74mg% in cynthiaxanthin and 1.72mg% in astaxanthin supplemented groups. These result indicate that dietary carotenoids were rapidly accumulated and then metabolized to certain metabolites shortly after feeding. Body pigmentation effects of the carotenoids due to accumulation of carotenoids in the integument of oily bittering was the most effectively shown in the astaxanthin supplemented group, followed by cynthiaxanthin and lutein supplemented groups. In the integument of oily bittering, dietary carotenoids were presumably biotrans formed via either oxidative or reductive pathways as presumed the variation of total carotenoid content and carotenoid composition in all experimental groups. The lutein was oxidized either to astaxanthin via doradexanthin and doradexanthin, or to zeaxanthin epoxide via zeaxanthin by oxidative pathway. Cynthiaxanthin was converted either to diatoxanthin and zeaxanthin by reductive pathway and then to zeaxanthin epoxide by oxidative pathway, or it was converted to astaxanthin via diatoxanthin, zeaxan thin and doradexanthin by oxidative pathway. Astaxanthin was converted to doradexanthin and zeaxanthin by reductive pathway and then to zeaxanthin epoxide by oxidative pathway. These results suggest that, oxidative pathway of carotenoids was major metabolic pathway along with reductive path way in fresh water fish.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제30권6호
• /
• pp.1038-1040
• /
• 2001

본 연구에서는 호박을 이용한 제품개발의 기초자료로 활용하기 위하여 부위별 성분 특성을 비교 검토하였다. 호박의 조단백질의 함량은 껍질부위가 19.82%, 내부 섬유상부위가 16.43%로서 과육부위에 비하여 많았으며 , 조지방함량은 껍질부위가 2.84%로서 과육 및 내부 섬유상부위에 비하여 많은 편이었다. 조섬유 함량은 내부 섬유상부위에서 6.98%로서 껍질 및 과육에 비하여 3배정도 많았다. 호박의 부위별 전당의 함량은 과육부위가 비교적 많았으며,환원당의 함량은 과육부위에 비하여 씨를 감싸고 있는 내부 섬유상부위에 많이 함유되었다. 또한, 유리당 함량은 전반적으로 과육, 내부 섬유상부위와 껍질 순으로 나타났다. 건조된 늙은 호박의 100 g에 함유되어 있는 내부 섬유상부위가 총 phenol함량은 379.8$\pm$9.76 mg으로 총 phenol성분의 47%이상 함유되어 있었으며 , 총 carotenoid의 함량에서는 43.71$\pm$1.46 mg으로 총 carotenoid 성분의 62% 이상 함유되어 가장 높게 나타났다. 총 flavonoid의 함량은 껍질에 81.5$\pm$3.56 mg에 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
• /
• 제35권5호
• /
• pp.586-593
• /
• 2022

콩(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)은 전세계적으로 널리 재배되고 있는 고단백 유지 작물로서 다양한 생리활성을 가지는 이차대사산물을 함유하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 콩 25개 자원들을 대상으로 카로티노이드, 이소플라본, 그리고 소야사포닌 함량을 분석하였다. 총 카로티노이드 함량을 분석한 결과, 1.23~33.78 ㎍/g의 분포를 보였고, IT177645, PI90763, 그리고 IT234975과 같은 검은 종피색을 가진 자원들에서 가장 높은 카로티노이드 함량이 관찰되었다. 이소플라본 함량은 Savoy, PI90763, KLG16001에서 높게 확인되었고, 소야사포닌은 PI90763, PI86490, 그리고 IT234975에서 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. PI90763은 카로티노이드, 이소플라본, 그리고 소야사포닌 3종 모두를 고농도로 함유한 자원으로 확인되었다. 본 실험의 결과, 다양한 이차대사산물의 고함량 자원들은 고기능성 품종 개발을 위한 육종 소재 및 이차대사산물의 생합성 관련 연구를 위한 기초자료로써 활용이 가능할 것이다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제16권7호
• /
• pp.2981-2986
• /
• 2015

Background: Despite many epidemiological studies on the effects of dietary antioxidant micronutrients on risk of cervical cancer, the findings remain uncertain and little evidence is available for serum nutrient markers. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between serum carotenoid, retinol and tocopherol concentrations and risk of cervical cancer among Chinese women. Materials and Methods: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in which 358 adults (158 incident cases and 200 controls) were recruited from Xinjiang, China. Serum levels of carotenoids (${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and lutein/zeaxanthin), retinol, and tocopherols (${\alpha}$-tocopherol and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol) were assessed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: We found inverse associations between serum carotenoid (${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin) and tocopherol (${\alpha}$-tocopherol) concentrations and the risk of cervical cancer after adjusting for potential confounders, but a null association for retinol. The ORs for 1-SD increase were 0.71 (95 % CI: 0.56-0.92; p=0.003) for total carotenoids and 0.75 (95 % CI: 0.60-0.94; p=0.008) for total tocopherols. Conclusions: These results show that higher serum concentrations of some carotenoids and tocopherols are associated with a lower risk of cervical cancer among Chinese women.