• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2003

This study investigated changes in the household expenditure for food outside home using the time-series family expenditure data during 1982-2002. Major findings were as following: first, expenditure for food outside home had been increasing, while over all level of the food expenditure had been decreasing; second, two thirds of the total amount of expenditure for food outside home were for regular meals; the proportion of food outside home which were paid to alcohols and other beverages have been decreasing since 1999; lastly, over the half of the total expenditure for food outside home had been spent on Korean food. Based on the results implications for consumer trends for food and food industry were provided.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.50-67
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• 2000

This study aims to estimate the consumption of antibiotics in Korea and to suggest the further studies. To measure the amount of antibiotics consumption, we referred to the statistic of NFHI(National Federation of Health Insurance) and a private institute of pharmaceutical information(Korea Intercontinental Medical Statistics; IMS Korea). There were 1,563 antibiotics produced in Korea in 1997. The total amount of antibiotics production was 1,197 billion won in 1997. Antibiotics accounted for 17.6% of the total pharmaceutical productions in 1997. Cephalosporins have taken the largest part of antibiotics production since 1992. The estimation using NFHI data showed that the total expenditure of antibiotics used in health facilities was 268 billion won, 608 billion won, 911 billion won in 1990, 1994, 1997 respectively. Tertiary hospitals spent 246 billion won, general hospitals 287 billion won, hospitals 78 billion won, clinics 300 billion won in 1997. The amount of expenditure and the intensity of antibiotics consumption in hospitals have increased more steeply than any other health facilities. The total expenditure of antibiotics consumption in health facilities and pharmacies was 778 billion won when estimated using the data from IMS Korea, and 999 billion won from NFHI. Cephalosporins was the fast growing antibiotics group in all of the market- hospitals, clinics, pharmacies since 1991. To measure the amount and patterns of antibiotics consumption more precisely, a pharmaceutical monitoring or surveillance system is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.65-73
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• 1980

The purpose of this study is ti find out a desirable way to stability and improvement of household economy by studying the changes of consumption level and consumption pattern of urban salary and wage earners' households during the years from 1970 to 1978. For this study, "Annual Report on the Family Income and Expenditure survey" (Published by the Bureau of Statistics, Economics Planning Board) has been used as basic material, and the methods of analysis used here are the time series analysis. We have gained the results as follows: 1) From 1970 to 198, the total income level increased at the rate of 416.2% in nominal price, but only 74.4% in reql price, while the total expenditure level showed 338.5% increase in nominal price, but its real increased proved only 418.2% in consideration of inflation. APC decreased from 95.1%(in 1970) to 80.7%(in 1978). 2) As for the expenditure pattern for the above mentioned nine years, the rate of food expenditure increased until 1975 under the price influence, but it trended to decease there after on . The rate of housing expenditure showed a gradual increase while that of fuel and light expenditure was on the decrease. The rate of clothing expenditure had been on the decease until 1974 but it began to increase gradually thereafter on. The trend of miscellaneous expenditures was irregularly up and down, educational expences being the first rank among them, Non-living expenditure had been constant until 1974 but it decreased a little after that. From the results it was found that the consumption level of the salary and wage earners' household in all cities from 1970 to 1978 was not practically improved because of rise in prices, nor was the Engel's coefficient and the rate of miscellaneous expenditure changed distinctively. However, as the successive decrease of APC suggests the possibility of economic development, we must try to put stress on economy in consumption and on encouraging. This will help run our household economy in safety and stability.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.61-73
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to compare the consumption expenditure patterns and the effects of socioeconomic variables on expenditure between single-mother families and two-parent families. From the 2001 Household Income and Expenditure Survey conducted by Korea National Statistical Office (KNSO), 693 single-mother families and 14,439 two-parent families were selected. A t-test was completed to examine how the expenditure patterns of two types of families differ. Total expenditures and expenditures on 11 consumption categories were modeled as functions of permanent income and other socioeconomic variables. Also, dummy variable interaction technique was used to examine whether the independent variables differently affected the expenditures between single-mother families and two-parent families. The results of this study indicated that there were differences between single-mother and two-parent families in the levels and shares of expenditures of each consumption category, and the effects of socioeconomic variables on expenditures. Single-mother families had spent less than did two-parent families in each consumption category. However, single-mother families had significantly higher expenditure shares for food at home, shelter, utilities, apparel and shoes, and education. Income elasticities for food at home, shelter, utilities, and education of single-mother families were significantly larger than those of two- parent families.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.423-432
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• 2005

This study reviewed the consumption patterns of high-income households and analyzed the ratio of major 6 expenditure categories including food at home, food away from horne, education, clothing, entertainment, and housing expenditure to total expenditure. We employed data from two different years (1997 and 1998) so that we could investigate the influence of the economy depression on the patterns and items ratio of consumption, For this purpose, the Daewoo Panel data were used. Also, data analysis was done with descriptive statistics, t-test, and regression analysis. The regression analyses were used to investigate the determinants of the high-income households' consumption patterns. The results of this study showed that food away from home, among 6 consumption items, seemed to be significantly affected by the depression, but still high-income households seemed not to lessen education expense. We included independent variables such as age, income, job, gender, debts and the likes. It was found that the age of reference person affected the amount of expenses for food, clothing, and entertainment. Other independent variables influenced different consumption categories. The results of this study would be useful for marketing strategies of fashion industries.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.75-96
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• 2009

The objective of this research was to estimate the size of consumption market for inland water fishes. Volumes and expenditures of a total of sixteen fishes consumed in 2007 were estimated based on a module developed. Data were collected through sample surveys of 3,081 households and 291 restaurants dealing with inland water fishes. On the basis of the results, people consumed an estimated 39.5 thousand ton as a whole on inland water fishes. An average person consumed 5.961 times and 1.136kg per year. An annual expenditure of 1,609.7 billion won was estimated. The total was divided 1,450.1 billion won on fishes(90%) and 1,595 billion won on shellfishes(10%). A typical consumer spent 41,668 won on fishes and 4,584 won on shellfishes, averaging about 46,300 won overall. Water eel was top in volumes and expenditure, while mudfish in consumption frequency.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.390-404
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• 1993

The purpose of this paper is to determine the percentage of body fat by measurement of skin-fold thickness of the triceps and the subscapular area to investigate the relationship between the daily energy intake and expenditure among obese women and nonobese women based on the percentage of body fat and age. This survey included 422 females in Cheju. 1) The age distribution of the 422 females surveyed was : 26.8% were in their 20's, 20.6% in their 30's, 21.3% in their 40's, 19.0% in their 50's and 12.3% were above 60 years of age. The 422 females consisted consisted of 78% housewives, 12.8% college student and 9.2% single working women. 2) The average height and weight of the surveyed women were respecitively 159.0$\pm$4.2cm and 56.0$\pm$7.2kg, the percentage of body fat of the surveyed women was 24.8$\pm$9.8%, and the BMI of those surveyed was 22.7$\pm$2.7. If higher than 30% body fat was defined as being obese, 15.6% of the surveyed women were assessed to be obese. 3) Total daily food consumption and energy intake of the group of women aged 60 and older was significantly small. Food consumption and nutrient intake of obese women was greater than that of the nonobese group, but not significant. Carbohydrate intake of the obese group in their 40's was significantly higher than the nonobese group. Total food consumption, energy and carbohydrate intake of the obese group in their 50's was significantly higher than the nonobese group. Vegetable intake of the obese group in their 60's and older was significantly higher than the nonobese group. 4) The total time of physiological activity of women aged 60 and older was significantly higher than for the other age groups and the total work time was significantly lower. The total work time of women in their 20's was not lower than the other groups. Considering the low energy expenditure of physical activity for women in their 20's, they appeared to have light activity. However, there was not a significant difference in the physical activity time among middle aged women groups(from 30 to 50). The entire energy expenditure of the obese group was greater than the nonobese group. However, the energy expenditure per body weight in the obese group was significantly less than that of the nonobese group in terms of the basal metabolic rate in consideration of the fat free mass. 5) There was a positive correlation between the percentage of body fat and the factors of age, sleeping time, total time of physiological activity, housework time, time spent watching TV, energy expenditure, energy intake, carbohydrate and cereal consumption. On the other hand, the percentage of body fat was negatively correlated with energy expenditure per body weight based on the basal metabolic rate in consideration of the free mass.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.15-27
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• 1971

Physiological analysis of the physical exercise was made on 9 subjects performing mountain climbing. The course between two points (256 and 516 meters altitude) was 1,300 meters in distance and difference of vertical height was 260 meters making the mean grade of 20%. In the field, the heart rates during uphill or downhill walk were recorded by EKG radio-telemetry. In the laboratory, oxygen consumption was obtained by the recorded heart rates, using individual heart rate vs oxygen consumption diagram obtained by treadmill test. the following results were obtained. 1. Uphill walk time was 36.5 minutes, and during this period the mean heart rate was 149.0 heats/min and peak heart rate was 169.2 beats/min. The total heart beats during the uphill walk was 5.433 beats. 2. The ratio of individual mean heart rate during the uphill walk to the maximal heart rate distributed between 66.6% and 98.3%, and the mean of the total group was 83.1%. The ratio of peak heart rate of uphill walk to the maximal heart rate was 94.5% in the group. Thus uphill walk of a 20% grade mountain course was an exhaustive exercise. 3. Oxygen consumption during uphill walk was 2.22 l/min (ranged between 1.79 and 2.70 l/min) and the ratio of this to the resting oxygen consumption was 8.31. The peak value of oxygen consumption during uphill walk was 2.73 l/min and the ratio of this to the resting oxygen consumption was 10.39. 4. Energy expenditure during uphill walk showed a mean of 11.1 kcal/min and the peak expenditure rate was 13.6 kcal/min. The total energy expenditure during 36.5 minutes of uphill walk was 396 kcal. 5. In downhill walk, the time was 31.7 minutes, mean heart rate was 118.4 (ranged between 100.1 and 142.7) beats/min, and the peak heart rate was only 129.4 beats/min. The ratio of mean heart rate to the maximal heart rate was 66.3%. Total heart beats during downhill walk was 3,710 beats. The ratio of downhill oxygen consumption to the resting consumption was 5.70. The rate of energy expenditure was 7.5 kcal/min, and the total onery expenditure during the 31.7 minutes of downhill walk was 228 kcal. 6. The effect of training was manifest in the uphill walk and not in the downhill walk. After training in mountain course walk, i) the uphill time was shortened, ii) mean heart rate increased, iii) time vs heart rate curve became smooth and showed less frequent zig-zag, i.e., the depth of trough on the curve decreased and the magnitude was less than 10 beats. In non-trained subject the depth of trough on the curve was greater than 50 beats and appeared more frequently. 7. Mountain climbing is a good health promotion exercise. For the promotion of health the reasonable amount of uphill mountain walk exercise in a 20% grade course is a walk for 40 or 50 minutes duration once a week.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.30-56
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• 2005

This paper used two threshold approaches to measure the equity in urban households' out-of-pocket payments for health care from 1997 to 2002, which developed by Wagstaff and van Doorslaer. One approach used catastrophic health expenditure, which means that payments exceed a 'pre-specified proportion' of total consumption expenditures or ability to pay and the other used impoverishment that they did not drive households into poverty. Indicies for 'catastrophic expenditure' captured intensity as well as its incidence and also the degree of which catastrophic payments occur disproportionately among poor households. Measure of poverty impact also captured both intensity and incidence. The methods applied with data on out-of-pocket payments from the Urban Household Expenditure Survey Incidence and intensity of catastrophic payments - both in terms of total household consumption as well as ability to pay - increased between 1997 and 2002, and that both incidence and intensity of 'catastrophic expenditure' became less concentrated among the poor, but more concentrated in 2001 than in 1997. The incidence and intensity of the poverty impact of out-of-pocket payments increased between 1997 and 2002. Health security system may not have provided financial protection against catastrophic health expenditure to low-income households, because of high user fee policy not considering income level. The policies alleviating catastrophic health payments among the poor need to be more developed, and two threshold approaches further evaluated on our policy context.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.83-97
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• 2002

This study estimates the consumption needs of preretired households through target replacement ratio approach. Based on the Life Cycle Model, this study used the household expenditure function to derive the target replacement ratio appropriate for each household. The target replacement ratio is estimated using the 1996 National Survey of family Income and Expenditure by National Statistical Office. The estimated target replacement ratio was 82.4% for married couple households, and 85.1% for single households. Total retirement consumption needs during entire retirement period was 161,620,000 won for married couple households, and 50,532,039 won for single households.