• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.321-340
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• 2007

In this thesis we have examined the concrete forms and periodic tendency changes of eup-settlements, local administrative town, locations within 91 districts in 71 counties of Gyeongsang province. First of all, we have analyzed the overall conditions of eup-settlement locations in Joseon Dynasty under the criterion of topography, feng-shui, and scenery image of the mountains at the back. Then we looked into alterations of location forms mainly of the eup-settlement in which the exact time of migration can be identified and cities which have the evident dates of construction. To sum up, the result is as follows. Firstly, the concrete form of eup-settlement locations in Joseon Dynasty are usually built up in traditional ways, however, quite a few unconventional ones also existed. Secondly, the town castles constructed at the end of Goryeo Dynasty period and before 1430's are hardly related to the traditional location format of Joseon Dynasty, yet the ones constructed after 1430's were mostly in the typical location format. Thirdly, the old eup-settlements established before 1425 are scarcely in the typical location form of Joseon dynasty, but the new eup-settlement established after 1425 were mostly in the typical location forms.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.267-276
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• 2019

The Gonggeomji Reservoir is a historical irrigation facility built in the 8th century and designated as a wetland protected area by Ministry of Environment, Korea. In order to collect the baseline data necessary for developing a sustainable conservation strategy, we investigated the classification of actual vegetation, the vegetation distribution and the floristic structure of the vegetation in the Gonggeomji Wetland Protection Area. In the whole protection area, a total of 26 plant communities were classified including the wetland, riparian, grassland, forest, farmland, and orchard vegetation. According to the results of detrended correspondence analysis, the structure of wetland vegetation was mainly affected by water depth and human disturbance. In reservoir wetlands, floating vegetation such as Utricularia vulgaris var. japonica, Trapa japonica, and emergent vegetation such as Nelumbo nucifera, Typha spp. completely covered the water surface. Since 2014, the reservoir wetland has been terrestrialized with the expansion of emergent and hygrophytic plants. For the sustainable conservation and restoration of wetland protected areas, it is necessary to naturalize the topography and wetland vegetation, recovery the hydrologic system, and restore ecosystem connectivity from wetlands to forests.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.251-259
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• 2014

Recently, wetland and paddy wetland are being highlighted as the international environmental issues. However, research system which can assess paddy wetland is lacking. Thus, the purpose of this study is to assess the value of paddy wetland by applying RAM to paddy wetland. In addition, we would like to use this study as the data to establish assessment method for paddy wetland. 16 sites were selected as research targets based on altitude and soil. As the results of wetland assessment, 16 research target sites had total score of 212~227 and the average of 2.17~2.50. It was similar to those of Lacustrine Wetlands, Palustrine Wetland and Riverine Wetland which were sites in previous studies. The value could be recognized as the wetland. However, there was no difference in assessment results based on altitude and soil. It was found that all conservation values were the same. The factor the most closely affecting conservation value was the area. However, there was limitation to apply existing wetland assessment system to paddy wetland. In order to assess paddy wetland, factors such as rice farming methods, topography, vegetation, growth environment and biodiversity should be added. It was thought to supplement wetland assessment system through various further studies.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.193-203
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• 2014

Natural Monument is a designated cultural property as part of the country. According to Article 2 of the Cultural Properties Protection Act, a national, ethnic and global heritage artificially or naturally formed, with a great historical, artistic, scientific and landscape significance is defined as a cultural heritage. Animals, plants, topography, geology, minerals, caves, biological products and special natural phenomena, having a great of historic, scenic and scientific value, are defined as the monument. According to Article 3 of Cultural Properties Protection Act, the conservation, management and utilization of National Heritage should be kept intact in its original form. So, Natural monuments are managing as retained its original form under the Basic Principles of current law. The highest population of coniferous tree in natural monument plant is ginkgo tree including 22 objects, followed by pines, junipers that order. And in case of broadleaf tree, there are zelkova trees, retusa fringe trees, pagoda trees, cork oaks, silver magnolias and etc. There are many of reported efficacy in available natural monument plants. The efficacy of plant species on pharmaceutical like anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antioxidant activity, neuroprotective, improves cholesterol, anti-inflammatory, liver protection and anti-bacterial efficacy, on cosmetics and beauty like the inhibiting formation of skin wrinkles, whitening effect, variety of materials and the efficacy of the proposed utilization of its various papers and etc have been widely reported. Before the Nagoya Protocol enters into force, the future role of the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties Administration of Cultural Heritage should be obtain a legal right to manage the social, cultural and national natural monument with emotional value to the plant genetic resource as a natural monument efficient ways to study and preserve traditional knowledge biological resources by securing a claim to the sovereignty of the material will be ready.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.521-529
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• 2006

This study was carried out to classify all forest vegetation types in Ulleung Island, Korea using the methodology of the Z.-M. school's phytosociology, and map out the spatial distribution patterns of those vegetation types. The forest vegetation was classified into the mountain forest type (Acer okamotoanum community group) and maritime forest type (Artemisia scoparia community group). Vegetation units at the community level were divided into three categories; six communities, sixteen groups, and seven subgroups, giving a total of 22 communities. Total area for mapping was 5,544.9 ha, of which Fagus engleriana community accounted for 1,952 ha (35.2%), Hedera rhambea community ror 1,196 ha (21.6%), Camellia japonica community for 1,104 ha (19.9%), Sambucus sieboldiana var. pendula community for 612 ha (11.0%), Aster spathulifolius community for 506 ha (9.1%), and Tsuga sieboldii - Pinus parviflora community for 174 ha (3.1%). According to canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), variables such as $Mg^{2+}$, pH, $Ca^{2+}$ were positively correlated in maritime vegetation types, and variables such as total nitrogen, carbon content, C/N ratio and ration exchange capacity (CEC) were highly correlated in mountain vegetation types, respectively. The sea level and the slope direction were not showing regular trend as a factor to decide on species diversity, evenness and richness in this research area. But it seems to be affected by topography, slope degree and dominance vegetation.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.111-129
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• 2013

A city is an ordinary space and a place of living that is directly related to our lives. An ordinary space is the total products of culture and the target of cultural representation. An aging residential area of a city reflects the ordinary lives of ordinary people along with its unique history; therefore, this place should not be seen only from an economic and political perspective. The Wausan area is a place that best maintains the characteristics and scenery of an aging urban residential area within Gwangju metropolitan city. Through research into this area, it is possible to discover the meaning and true value of an aging urban residential area such as the close relationship between ordinary culture and placeness, the creation factors and process of placeness of an aging urban residential area, and the authenticity of a particular place. This area is a modern residential area of today's ordinary people, created on a topography of hills and hilly areas along with a historical value of 400 years. It is based on the Gyeongyangyeok of the Joseon period. This place may be described as a space where the dailiness of ordinary people is alive based on its alleys and the unique scenery formed by its alleys and vegetable gardens. The authenticity deduced from such placeness is that an aging urban residential area is a place where communicative and considerate human life and a cultural diversity of an atypical nature are alive, a place where an environment and humans coexist in harmony, and a place where the communal dailiness of residents still exists.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2013

An exceptional case of inhabitation of a Sphagnum sp. was firstly confirmed at abandoned paddy terrace (APT) wetland in Ansan. Water sampling for analyzing of physicochemical conditions including nutrients such as NP, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ was performed and the vegetation map for distribution of Sphagnum sp., topographical map, and flora list for companion species were made at field in June 2011. From the results, the Sphagnum sp. in the study site was identified as S. palustre and it covered about 8% of the wetland cover of 3,200 $m^2$. Most distributions of S. palustre were observed at tussock structures as micro-topography by sedges and grasses within a wetland (74%) and the shaded slope area under Pinus densiflora's canopy in wetland boundary (26%). Despite that APT in Ansan is relatively lower wetland in altitude than high moors, the contents of calcium ($0.45{\pm}0.2$) and magnesium ($1.48{\pm}0.6$) ion which are critical limiting factors for Sphagnum spp. were very low levels as well as NP ($PO_4$-P, $0.02{\pm}0.0$; $NO_3$-N, $0.25{\pm}0.3$; $NH_4$-N, $0.06{\pm}0.1$) and it could enable the inhabitation of S. palustre in lower APT.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.354-366
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• 2022

To analyze the distribution of plant communities growing in river wetlands and the relationship between biotic and abiotic environmental factors, plant communities and environmental factors were investigated in river wetlands in the Boseong River. The Boseong River Wetland, the research site, consists of Hwapyeong Wetland, Bangujeong Wetland, and Seokgok Wetland. From June to September 2022, a plant community survey was conducted from the perspective of physiognomical vegetation, and the coverage of the emerging species followed the Braun-Blanquet scale. Plant species and the coverage of each species were recorded in the quadrant for plant community survey, and the cover of the quadrant, the total number of species, and the number of exotic species were measured as biological factors. As abiotic factors, altitude, orientation, inclination, soil texture, litter layer depth, dominant species diameter at breast height, and topography were recorded. In a total of 50 square plots, the most common Salix koreensis and Phragmites japonicus communities were found, and the community with the highest Shannon species diversity index was Phragmites japonicus-Echinochloa caudata community. As a result of ordination analysis by DCCA, the most significant clusters were separated according to topographic factors such as leeve, leeve slope, upper floodplain, lower floodplain, upper waterside, middle waterside, lower waterside, river island and opem water. As rare plants that need to be preserved in river wetlands, Hydrocharis dubia and Penthorum chinense were found in lower waterside, and it was found that the management of the river in the reservoir is necessary in line with the topographical distribution of ecosystem-disrupting plants, such as Paspalum distichum var. indutum.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.433-441
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• 2020

This study was conducted to understand the distribution characteristics of aquatic insects in ecologically different ponds in terms of the disruption. We investigated the fauna of aquatic insects in three artificial ponds (pond 1, 2 and 3) and two natural ponds (pond 4 and 5) located within 1 km each other around Gungdaeoreum in Jeju Island, from March 2018 to June 2020. A total of 50 species belonging to 15 families were found in the surveyed ponds: total 850 individuals with 14 species in 4 families of the order Odonata, total 4,391 individuals with 14 species in 6 families of the order Hemiptera, and total 2,014 individuals with 22 species in 4 families of the order Coleoptera. In overall, total abundance and species numbers were relatively higher than those of artificial pond in natural ponds in which animal and plant ecosystems were well established. In the case of artificial ponds, the number of individuals and species recovered rapidly when reconstituted by introducing aquatic plants, etc. (Pond 1). The nymphs of Odonata were observed largely in ponds without natural enemies such as large fish, and where adults could freely access without interception by artificial structure. Phytophagous Corixidae of the order Hemiptera were abundant, and Haliplidae populations of the order Coleoptera were affected by the distribution of the plants. Accordingly, the major factors affecting aquatic insect abundance were identified as the presence of refuges such as the topography and aquatic plants and presence of predators. Species of the order, Odonata were vulnerable based on these factors. Our results can be useful as basic information for the restoration of wetlands and construction of artificial wetlands or for conservation of species diversity in the future.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.268-279
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• 2021

The geospatial schemes based on topo-climatology have been developed to produce digital climate maps at a site-specific scale. Their development processes are reviewed here to derive the needs for new schemes in the future. Agricultural and forestry villages in Korea are characterized by complexity and diversity in topography, which results in considerably large spatial variations in weather and climate over a small area. Hence, the data collected at a mesoscale through the Automated Synoptic Observing System (ASOS) operated by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) are of limited use. The geospatial schemes have been developed to estimate climate conditions at a local scale, e.g., 30 m, lowering the barriers to deal with the processes associated with production in agricultural and forestry industries. Rapid enhancement of computing technologies allows for near real-time production of climate information at a high-resolution even in small catchment areas and the application to future climate change scenarios. Recent establishment of the early warning service for agricultural weather disasters can provide growth progress and disaster forecasts for cultivated crops on a farm basis. The early warning system is being expanded worldwide, requiring further advancement in geospatial schemes and digital climate mapping.