• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 2007년도 정기 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.745-750
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• 2007

This paper presents investigation of topographic effects over isolated 3-dimensional hills through wind tunnel experiments in a boundary layer wind tunnel. Topographic models having five different slopes of $5.71^{\circ},\;11.31^{\circ},\;16.70^{\circ},\;21.80^{\circ}$, and $26.57^{\circ}$, which were based on KBC(2005), were taken into account in the study. The maximum topographic factor and the range of topographic effect from the experiment were compared with those from worldwide major codes and standards, such as ASCE-7-02, AS/NZS-1170.2:2002, ISO4354(1997), and KBC(2005). From the comparison of major codes and standards, in the vertical region of topographic effect, the gentler the slope was. the more different the topographic factors and ranges of topographic effect were, but the steeper the slope was, the more similar they were. It was found from the experimental study that the region of topographic effect in the slope in the across wind direction was greater than the regions of major codes and standard. Also, the gentler the slope was. the larger the topographic factor from the experiment was than the factors of major codes and standards.

• 대기
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.385-398
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• 2017

Numerical weather prediction experiments were carried out by applying topographic effects to reduce or enhance the solar radiation by terrain. In this study, x and ${\kappa}({\phi}_o,\;{\theta}_o)$ are precalculated for topographic effect on high resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) with 1 km spatial resolution, and meteorological variables are analyzed through the numerical experiments. For the numerical simulations, cases were selected in winter (CASE 1) and summer (CASE 2). In the CASE 2, topographic effect was observed on the southward surface to enhance the solar energy reaching the surface, and enhance surface temperature and temperature at 2 m. Especially, the surface temperature is changed sensitively due to the change of the solar energy on the surface, but the change of the precipitation is difficult to match of topographic effect. As a result of the verification using Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) Automated Weather System (AWS) data on Seoul metropolitan area, the topographic effect is very weak in the winter case. In the CASE 1, the improvement of accuracy was numerically confirmed by decreasing the bias and RMSE (Root mean square error) of temperature at 2 m, wind speed at 10 m and relative humidity. However, the accuracy of rainfall prediction (Threat score (TS), BIAS, equitable threat score (ETS)) with topographic effect is decreased compared to without topographic effect. It is analyzed that the topographic effect improves the solar radiation on surface and affect the enhancements of surface temperature, 2 meter temperature, wind speed, and PBL height.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.1141-1154
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• 2006

Orographic effect is one of the important factors to induce Local circulations and to make atmospheric turbulence, so it is necessary to use the exact topographic data for prediction of local circulations. In order to clarify the sensitivity of the spatial resolution of topography data, numerical simulations using several topography data with different spatial resolution are carried out under stable and unstable synoptic conditions. The results are as follows: 1) Influence of topographic data resolution on local circulation tends to be stronger at simulation with fine grid than that with coarse grid. 2) The hight of mountains in numerical model become mote reasonable with high resolution topographic data, so the orographic effect is also emphasized and clarified when the topographic data resolution is higher. 2) The higher the topographic resolution is, the stronger the mountain effect is. When used topographic data resolution become fine, topography in numerical model becomes closer to real topography. 3) The topographic effect tends to be stronger when atmospheric stability is strong stable. 4) Although spatial resolution of topographic data is not fundamental factor for dramatic improvement of weather prediction accuracy, some influence on small scale circulation can be recognized, especially in fluid dynamic simulation.

• 대기
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.331-344
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• 2017

Solar energy is calculated using high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM). In focus on Seoul metropolitan area, correction coefficients of direct and diffuse solar energy with the topographic effect are calculated from DEM with 1720, 900, 450, 90 and 30 spatial resolutions ($m{\times}m$), respectively. The solar energy on the real surface with high-resolution is corrected using by the correction coefficients with topographic effect from the solar energy on horizontal surface with lower resolution. Consequently, the solar energy on the real surface is more detailed distribution than those of horizontal surface. In particular, the topographic effect in the winter is larger than summer because of larger solar zenith angle in winter. In Seoul metropolitan area, the monthly mean topographic effects are more than 200% in winter and within 40% in summer. And annual topographic effects are negative role with more than -60% and positive role with below 40%, respectively. As a result, topographic effect on real surface is not a negligible factor when calculating and analyzing solar energy using regional and global models.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.83-93
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• 2008

측지학적 경계치인 지오이드의 결정에 있어서 지형효과(topographic effect)는 가장 중요한 요소중의 하나이다. 따라서 우리나라와 같이 산악지역이 많은 지역에서 정밀지오이드모델을 개발하기 위해서는 지형효과를 적절하게 계산하고 적용하여야 한다. 적합한 중력학적 환산방법의 결정은 각 환산방법에서 산출되는 지오이드 상에서의 간접효과의 크기, 산출된 중력이상치의 크기 및 완만성, 각 환산방법에 연관된 지구물리학적 해석결과 등에 따라서 결정된다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라의 지오이드 모델의 개발을 위해 약 100m 해상도의 수치표고모델(DEM)을 구축하고, 이에 대해 3가지의 중력학적 환산방법(Helmert 응축 방법, RTM 방법, Airy-isostatic 방법)을 적용하여 지형효과를 산출하였다. 그 후 산출된 지형효과를 분석하여 우리나라에 가장 적합한 중력학적 환산방법을 평가한 결과, RTM 환산방법을 이용한 경우에 중력이상치의 크기 및 지오이드 상에서 간접효과의 크기가 각각 $0.660{\pm}13.009mGal$, $-0.004{\pm}0.131m$로 가장 완만한 형태를 나타내었다. 이를 통해 RTM 환산방법이 Helmert 응축 및 Airy-iostatic 방법에 비하여, 한국의 정밀지오이드 모델 개발을 위한 지형효과의 산출에 있어 더욱 안정적이고 정확한 방법으로 판단되었다.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2004년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2004
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• pp.306-309
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• 2004

The susceptibility of landslides and the effect of landslide-related factors at Penang in Malaysia using the Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing data have been evaluated. Landslide locations were identified in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs and from field surveys. Topographical and geological data and satellite images were collected, processed, and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and image processing. The factors chosen that influence landslide occurrence were: topographic slope, topographic aspect, topographic curvature and distance from drainage, all from the topographic database; lithology and distance from lineament, taken from the geologic database; land use from Landsat TM (Thermatic Mapper) satellite images; and the vegetation index value from SPOT HRV (High Resolution Visible) satellite images. Landslide hazardous areas were analysed and mapped using the landslide-occurrence factors employing the probability-frequency ratio method. To assess the effect of these factors, each factor was excluded from the analysis, and its effect verified using the landslide location data. As a result, land 'cover had relatively positive effects, and lithology had relatively negative effects on the landslide susceptibility maps in the study area. In addition, the landslide susceptibility maps using the all factors showed the relatively good results.

• Korean Journal of Hydrosciences
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• 제8권
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• pp.85-95
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• 1997

The multiple flow direction algorithm to calculate the spatial variation of the saturation tendency, I. e. topographic index, is integrated into the Geographic Information System, GRASS. A procedure is suggested to consider the effect of a tile system on calculating the topographic index. A small agricultural subwatershed ($3.4\;\textrm{km}^2$) is used for this study. The impact of a tile system on the groundwater table can be effectively considered by the Laplace's equation to the DEM. The analysis shows that a tile system has a high degree of saturation to compared to the case without tile drainage, and the predicted riparian area is well fitted to the actual watershed condition. A procedure is suggested to consider a tile system's effect on calculating the topographic index.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2008

In Jinhae-Masan bay, a typical semi-dosed bay in Korea, the water quality is severely deteriorated because of the dosed topographic character and the inflow of nutrients from the land. There have been attempts to apply a water quality model dealing with the entrophication phenomenon and the oxygen-deficient mass in the bay in summer, but there have been few examples of models that have considered the phenomenon of stratification in the proper order, and then it is performed the model of water quality. Therefore, this study collected and analyzed the pre-observed water temperature data from Jinhae-Masan bay in summer and then constructed a density model using the topographic heat accumulation effect and inflow from the river to examine the temperature stratification. The simulation results show that this model could demonstrate the temperature stratification in the Jinhae-Masan bay very well.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.519-527
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• 2008

정밀한 지오이드 구축의 기본적인 요건은 필요한 정확도와 분포를 가진 지형 및 중력자료의 확보이다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 지오이드 구축에 가용한 지형모델과 중력자료를 이용하여 지형 및 중력자료의 분포와 정확도가 지오이드의 정확도에 얼마나 영향을 미치는지 시뮬레이션 실험을 통하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과 지형자료의 경우 정확도 보다 자료의 간격이 지오이드의 정밀도에 더 큰 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었고 따라서 위성레이다를 통하여 구축된 SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) DTM (Digital Terrain Model)을 지오이드 구축에 사용하는데 무리가 없다고 판단하였다. 반면 중력자료의 경우 자료의 분포 밀도가 낮은 지역에서 지형으로 인한 알리아싱 (Aliasing) 효과에 의해 큰 오차가 발생한 것으로 분석되어 중력자료의 밀도가 낮은 북동부 산악 지역에 우선적으로 지상중력측정을 실시하여 자료를 보완하는 것이 필수적이라 판단되었다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.541-563
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• 2014

This paper investigates the topographic effects on wind characteristics over hilly terrain, based on wind data recorded at a number of meteorological stations in or near complex terrain. The multiply data sources allow a more detailed investigation of the flow field than is normally possible. Vertical profiles of mean and turbulent wind components from a Sodar profiler were presented and then modeled as functions of height and wind speed. The correlations between longitudinal and vertical wind components were discussed. The phenomena of flow separation and generation of vortices were observed. The distance-dependence of the topographic effects on gust factors was revealed subsequently. Furthermore, the canyon effect was identified and discussed based on the observations of wind at a saddle point between two mountain peaks. This study aims to further understanding of the characteristics of surface wind over rugged terrain. The presented results are expected to be useful for structural design, prevention of pollutant dispersion, and validation of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) models or techniques over complex terrains.