• 한국작물학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.49-53
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• 1998

Direct-seeding has major advantages such as labor and cost saving by eliminating preparation of seed bed and transplanting. But, it required increased input of fertilizers and pesticides because of the extended paddy period. Direct seeding in wet paddy (DSWP) gives faster growth and more uniform seedling emergence than direct-seeding in dry paddy. This research had an objective to develop an efficient N management practices for DSWP with split application of N fertilizer. A paddy field experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of starter N and N-topdressing which was delayed N application until 5-leaf stage, with comparison to transplanting (TP). Total amount of N application were two levels; 110kg and 77kg/ha. The N applications were split four times during rice growth stages; starter, topdressing at 5-leaf stage, top dressing at tillering stage, and topdressing at panicle initiation stage. DSWP had more tillers/$m^2$ than TP, but with the delayed heading. The DSWP plots which received N-topdressing at 5-leaf stage without starter N had higher leaf area index (LAI) and leaf greenness than the TP plot. Also, these DSWP plots had high leaf-N concentration at the heading stage, as calculated from leaf chlorophyll meter readings. Rice yield in DSWP with N-topdressing at 5-leaf stage was significantly higher than that in TP and in DSWP with starter N. Energy and N use efficiency were improved in DSWP with N-topdressing at 5-leaf stage. But, there were no significant differences in grain yield between the two levels of total amounts of N applications, 77kg and 110kg/ha. We concluded that starter N could not be used effectively by rice seedlings, but topdressing N at 5-leaf stage was an efficient N management for rice growth and yield in DSWP system.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.289-299
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• 1997

This study was performed with survay in the field and literature. The result were; 1. In Vietnam, They took their meal in three times a day. They have taken Nuoc nam (fish sauce) with sliced red pepper, half a lime, etc... in every day every night. Fish Sauce was prepared with small fish (generally fresh- water fish), the same amount of salt, and stored in 8 months, and made filltered fluid. It's Nuoc mam. They have gained protein sauce from it. 2. Their basic menu were composed with rice, soup, food with marine products and meat (generally pork), various vegetables, tropical fruit. 3. Food of cereals were Com Trang (white rice), Pho (rice noodle), Chao (rice gruel), Banh Trang (rice paper), Banh mi (bread) etc... Food of meat were Ho sua, Banh bao chien (barbecued little pork), Suon Nuon (grilled pork), Cha Lua (sausage of pork) etc..., Thit be nhung (grilled beef, Dog meat, Chicken, Duck, Frog. Food of fish were generally fresh-water fish, Ca Chien (grilled fish), Canh chua (soup with sour taste), Ca chem chung (steamed fish with fragrant vegetable), Lobster, Crab, Oyster, Cuttlefish, Shellfish, etc... Food of vegetables were Doa Hanh (Kimchi with a welsh onion), Rau xao hon hop (roasted vegetables), Goi Tom (salad), Canh he dau hu (soup) etc..., and They took much food of trophical fruit, Tra (Tea), Coffee, Lua Moi (distilled liquor). 4. For example, Their Daily meal were composed of Sup Bong Ca (Soup), Heo Sua, Banh Bao Chien (barbecued little Pork), Top Hap (steamed shrimp), Cua (steamed Crab), Luon Um (bioled a fresh-water eel), Lau Thap Cam, Hai Sam Sac Nam Dong Co, Trai Cay.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.137-141
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• 2002

Decomposition of green manure is necessary for the nutrient supply in farm soil. Hairy vetch as a green manure is superior to other winter legumes in terms of wintering ability and N accumulation. This experiment was carried out to investigate the decomposition and N release of hairy vetch and its effect on rice production as the following crop in paddy field. Decomposition of hairy vetch placed by soil depth of 0, 10 and 20cm at transplanting time was investigated by mesh bag method, which was enclosed chopped residue in mesh bags. The fate of $^{15}$ N derived from $^{15}$ N-labeled hairy vetch was investigated at harvest in three levels of N fertilization. Grain yield of the transplanted paddy rice cultured with hairy vetch as starter N were compared with that of applying urea as starter N in the field. Hairy vetch residue decomposed very rapidly both in transplanted and dry-seeded paddy field. In transplanted paddy field, hairy vetch residue lost 72-81 % and 86-90% of its weight after one and five month, respectively, as affected by incorporation depth. The C/N ratio of the decomposing vetch residue increased sharply during the early stages and after then, decreased slowly. The amounts of N and P released from the vetch were about 90% and 97% of initial content after one month, respectively. Recoveries of hairy vetch-$^{15}$ N by rice plant were 30.6, 34.6 and 35.7% in 0, 6 and 12 kg urea-N 10 $a^{-l}$ application, respectively, indicating that N fertilization increased the recovery of hairy vetch. $^{15}$ N. Hairy vetch residue incorporated as starter maintained significant N $H_4$$^{+}$-N concentration in soil water of plow layer until effective tillering stage. Grain yield in the plot applied with hairy vetch was not significantly different from that in the plot with urea. We concluded that hairy vetch incorporation could substitute starter N fertilization and showed possibility to reduce N amount of top-dressing.g.g.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제34권s02호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1989

The primary countermeasure for environmental stresses of crops grown in Korea would be to maintain top soil content of available B for upland crops and Si for low land rice in balance with other nutrient elements such as N, P and K, so as to maintain those nutrient balances in plants. Development of standard levels of elements in soils for balances uptake of those elements by plants are needed under the multi nutrient factor balance concept using the soil test results.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제54권sup1호
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• pp.27.2-27.2
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• 2009

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.39-48
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• 1983

This study was performed to obtain the basic data which could be used for the modification of the manual center-burner-type rice-husk furnace into a small scale automatic type for the multi-purpose use in the farm. For this purpose, first, the utilization feasibility of the rice-husk furnace in the farm was analyzed briefly in aspects of available amount of rice-husk for the fuel, annual operation time and replaceble amount of residential heating energy with rice-husk in the farm. For the experiment a prototype furnace geared with an automatic feeding device was fabricated, and feed rate, mold size and chimney height were changed to investigate the combustion efficiency of rice-husk and thermal efficiency of the furnace. Also, optimum and limiting operational factors were observed in each treatments. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. If the rice-husk is intensively used for residential heating in the farm for winter season, on an average 51 percent of the total heating energy can be replaced with the rice-husk. Therefore, development of a small scale automatic rice-husk furnace was recognized to be feasible. 2. The operational condition depending on husk-feed rates was very important factor for successive steady burning operation of the given furnace. When the feed-rate was 1.5 kg/hr, the top of the burning zone should be kept at the position about 55 cm from the bottom of the combustion chamber with the periodic removal of ash (termed as steady state position), which was 18 cm above the mold waist. When the feed rates were 2.4 kg/hr and 3.0 kg/hr, the steady state position was at about 4 cm above the mold waist. 3. The mold size affected inflow rate of air into the furnace and consequently CO content in the exhaust gas. The relatively bigger mold gave positive effect on the air-inflow rate. 4. When the husk-feed rates were 1.5 kg/hr, 2.4 kg/hr, 3.0 kg/hr, the combustion efficiencies of the rice-husk were 98.5%, 97.4% and 95.0%, the thermal efficiencies of the furnace were 93.4%, 93.2% and 87.6%, and CO content in the exhaust gas were 1.21%, 1.03%, and 2.43%, respectively. The air-inflow rates were decreased with the increase of feed rates. When the amount of excess air was 30-40%, the CO content in the exhaust gas was at the minimum level. 5. When the chimney height was lowered from 260 cm to 96 cm, the air-inflow rate was slightly decreased, but the average temperature in the combustion chamber, CO content in the exhaust gas and combustion and thermal efficiencies were not changed significantly. 6. The incidental problems associated with the protytype furnace were accumulation of the ash inside the mold, accumulation of the cinder between the outer-drum of the furnace and the combustion chamber wall, and accumulation of the cinder in the chimney.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.268-268
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• 2017

Common sowing method of italian ryegrass (IRG) has been using the backpack seed sprayer (BSS) in Korea. It has weak point including a hard work and a little sowing area. This study was conducted to find out the effects of sowing IRG using unmanned helicopter (UH) under the established rice field. We checked the labour saving of sowing IRG and the growth and yield of rice after using IRG as forage crop. Two sowing implements(using by UH and backpack seed sprayer (BSS)) were tested for the ability of sowing IRG. For proper pretreatment of IRG seeds for aerial sowing using with UH, we tested one-day soaking seeds, iron-coated seeds, coated seeds sold in stores and untreated seeds. Aerial sowing of IRG seeds using UH was tested under the speed 10 km/h and flying altitude 3~4m. We tried to confirm the effects on rice growth in a paddy field after IRG had been used as forage in mid May. In 6 hours of seeding per day, UH had a seeding area of 21.8 hectares, three times wider than BSS. UH had a decrease of about 63 percent of sowing-seed cost in comparison with BSS. In the IRG aerial sowing using UH, coating seeds had the wider sowing width of 5~6 meter than 3~4 meter untreated seeds. Residual dry matter of IRG after using forage had 4.5 ton per hectare and 20 percent of top dry matter. The amount of nitrogen remaining in residual IRG in the soil was 12 kg per hectare, and the other nutrients such as calcium and potassium was incorporated into the soil with less than 10 kg/ha. The rice yield after the harvesting IRG was 5 percent higher than that of rice single cropping. Consequently, IRG sowing using UH was effective in reducing sowing time and sowing cost compared with conventional methods and, it is considered that there is a positive effect on the rice cultivation compared to rice single cropping.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.337-345
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• 2023

벼의 출수기를 추정하는 것은 농업생산성과 관련된 중요한 과정 중 하나이지만 세계적인 이상기후의 증가로 벼의 출수기를 추정하는 것이 어려워지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 CNN 분류모델을 사용하여 다양한 영상데이터에서 벼의 출수기를 추정하려고 시도하였다. 드론과 타워형 영상관측장치 그리고 일반 RGB 카메라로 촬영된 직하방과 경사각 영상을 수집하였다. 수집한 영상은 CNN 모델의 입력데이터로 사용하기 위해서 전처리를 진행하였고, 사용된 CNN 아키텍처는 이미지 분류 모델에서 일반적으로 사용되는 ResNet50, InceptionV3 그리고 VGG19 를 사용하였다. 각각의 아키텍처는 모델의 종류, 영상의 유형과 관계없이 0.98 이상의 정확도를 나타내었다. 또한 CNN 분류 모델이 영상의 어떤 특징을 보고 분류하였는지 시각적으로 확인하기 위해서 Grad-CAM 을 사용하였다. Grad-CAM 결과 CNN 분류 모델은 벼의 출수를 이삭의 형태에 높은 가중치를 두어 분류 하는 것을 확인하였다. 다음으로 작성된 모델이 실제 논 포장 모니터링 이미지에서 벼의 출수기를 정확하게 추정하는지 확인하였다. 각각 다른 지역 4 개의 벼 포장에서 벼의 출수기를 약 하루정도의 차이로 추정하는 것을 확인하였다. 이 방법을 통해서 다양한 논 포장의 모니터링 이미지를 활용하여 자동적이고 정량적으로 벼의 출수기를 추정 할 수 있다고 판단된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.177-181
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• 1975

석회(石灰)의 시용(施用)과 가리(加里)의 기초비량(基追肥量)과의 관계(關係)를 밝히기 위(爲)하여 pH를 7.0으로 높이는데 필요(必要)한 소석회(消石灰)를 이앙(移秧) 2주전(週前)에 시용(施用)한 토양(土壤)과 무석회(無石灰) 토양(土壤)을 충전(充塡)한 0.2827a 무저(無底)콩크리트 폿 시험(試驗)을 실시(實施)하였다. 이 시험(試驗)에서는 수도진흥(水稻振興)을 심었으며10a 당(當)12kg에 상당(相當)하는 가리(加里)를 이앙후(移秧期), 이앙(移秧)19일후(日後), 유수형성기중익(幼穗形成期中二期) 또는 삼기(三期)에 분시(分施)하였는데 얻어진 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 석회(石灰)의 시용(施用)에 관계(關係)없이 10a당(當) $K_2O$ 4kg 또는 그이하(以下)를 기비(基肥)로 하고 나머지를 등분(等分)하여 이회(二回)에 분시(分施)하거나 유수형성기(幼穗形成期) 일회(一回)에 추비(追肥)하는 것(추비중점(追肥重點))이 수수(穗數)를 늘리고 도엽중(稻葉中)의 K/Ca+Mg 당양비(當量比)를 높였으며 수당입수(穗當粒數)를 늘리고 염실율(鹽實率)을 높여서 정조(正租)의 증수(增收)를 가져왔다. 2. 기비(基肥)로 시용(施用)하는 가리(加里)가 많으며 분벽(分蘗)이 억제(抑制)되고 수수(穗數)가 감소(減少)되는 경향(傾向)이었으며 이경향(傾向)은 높은 염농도(鹽濃度) 때문인 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.97-109
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• 1975

수도 도열병의 종합적 방제체계 확립의 일환으로서 합리적인 비료 시용에 의한 효과적 방제 가능성을 알고다 규산, 질소, 인산 및 가리 등 여러 비료를 시용하여 이들이 도체내 성분함량과 도열병 발생에 미치는 영향을 검토하고 나아가 수도품종 및 균주간의 상호관계를 구명하기 위하여 1971년과 1973년에 수도묘에 도열병균을 인공접종 및 자연발병시켜 실험을 실시하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 규산을 시용하면 수도 엽신내 규산함량은 크게 증가하고 전당함량과 가리함량도 증가하나 전질소 및 인산함량은 감소되었다. 2) 규산의 시용으로 도체내 C/N 율과 $SiO_2/N$율 및 $K_2O/N$율은 향상되었으며 이들과 도열병 발병지수와는 고도의 부의 상관이 있었다. 3) 규산시용으로 도열병 발병지수는 저하되었다. 4) 도체내 규산함량은 질소질비료를 과용하면 감소되고 전질소함량은 증가되며 전당함량은 감소하여 도열병 저항성을 크게 저하시켰다. 5) 규산함량은 인산질비료를 많이 시용하거나 도체내 인산함량이 증가하면 감소되어 도열병에 대한 저항성을 저하시켰다. 6) 가리질비료를 다시용하면 규산함량은 증가되었고 전질소함량은 감소되었으며 $K_2O/N$율은 증가되는 경향이었다. 그리고 가리함량이 비교적 낮은 상태에서는 도열병에 대한 저항성이 향상되었으나 비교적 높은 수준에서는 도열병에 대한 저항성과 유의적인 상관이 보이지 않았다. 7) 도열병 발병지수는 공시된 균주범위내에서 진흥이 적었고 풍옥이 가장 컸으며 풍광 팔달은 비슷한 정도였다. 도열병균의 병원성은 $P_1,\;P_2,\;and\;P_3$의 순으로 강하였으나 풍옥에 있어서는 일정한 경향을 찾아볼 수 없었다. 엽위별로는 5-6엽기의 묘에서 상위 제2엽이 발병이 많았고 제1엽과 제3엽은 비슷한 정도였다.품종이기 때문인 것 같다. (4) 벼의 수량은 무처리 5,814kg/ha에 비하여 Carbofuran 6,649kg, Cytrolane 6,340kg, BPMC 6,315kg, Chlorphenamidine 6,265kg, Cartap 6,164kg, Diazinon 5,944kg, Diazinon 입제 수면시용 6,102kg로서 Carbofuran 처리구에서 벼의 수량이 가장 높았다. (5) Carbofuran 처리구에서 높은 수량을 보인 것은 Carbofuran 처리구에서 멸구, 매미충류의 밀도가 낮았고 오갈병의 발병율이 낮은데서 온 결과인 것 같다.화안정성은 없었다. 포말성은 87.5$\pm$$2.5\%$였고 용해도는 산성영역 (pH 2와 4)에서 약 83$\~$$84\%$로 높았으나 pH 6이상에서는 44$\~$$50\%$로 낮았다. 보였다.이 한국어와는 다른 것이라거나, 한국어 음성학을 공부하지 않고 한국어를 연구할 수 있다는 뜻은 아닙니다. 의학에도 분야마다 전문의가 있듯이, 언어학도 이제 복잡하고 광범한 학문이 되었으므로 분야별로 전문가가 나오게 된 것뿐입니다. 따라서 "나는 통사론에 관심이 있으므로 소리말에는 관심이 없다"고 말하는 언어학자가 있다면, 이 것은 크게 잘못된 것입니다. 마찬가지로 "나는 소리에만 관심이 있으므로 통사론에는 관심이 없다"고 말하는 음성학자가 있다면, 이 또한 안되는 일입니다. 문의 구성과 어휘 요소와 아무 관련이 없는 말소리의 차이가 무슨 소용이 있으며, 통사 구조를 표현하고 저달하는 말소리를 연구하지 않고 어떻게 통사론을 연구할 수 있겠습니까? 다시 간추리면, 언어는 본질적으로 소리말이고, 언어의 특성과 사용 및 습득도 모두 소리말 형태로 나타납니다. 따라서, 영국의 대학은