• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.54-65
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• 2006

This study was conducted to examine the biomass and energy content of 60- to 70-year-old Quercus mongolica stand facing northern and southern aspect in Mt. Baekwoon (800 m above sea level), Gwangyang, Jeollanam-do and in Mt. Halla (1,000 m above sea level), Jeju-do. The total biomass was 288.4 ton/ha in northern aspect and 241.9 ton/ha in southern aspect of Mt. Baekwoon while 368.4 ton/ha in northern aspect and 364.3 ton/ha in southern aspect of Mt. Halla. Annual net production was 20.7 ton/ha/yr in northern aspect and 17.7 ton/ha/yr in southern aspect of Mt. Baekwoon while 19.0 ton/ha/yr in northern aspect and 21.2 ton/ha/yr in southern aspect of Mt. Halla. Total biomass and annual net production of Mt. Halla were greater than those of Mt. Baekwoon. The net assimilation rate (NAR) was 5.05 in northern aspect and 4.09 in southern aspect of Mt. Baekwoon, while 4.60 in northern aspect and 3.66 in southern aspect of Mt. Halla, Total energy content was 5,666 GJ/ha in northern aspect and 4,793 GJ/ha in southern aspect of Mt. Baekwoon while 6,550 GJ/ha in northern aspect and 6,435 GJ/ha in southern aspect of Mt. Halla. Annual energy content was 365 GJ/ha/yr in northern aspect and 360 GJ/ha/yr in southern aspect of Mt. Baekwoon while 351 GJ/ha/yr in northern aspect and 347 GJ/ha/yr in southern aspect of Mt. Halla. Annual energy content of Mt. Baekwoon was greater than that of Mt. Halla.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2003

The pollution loads flowing into Mokpo harbour from land in dry case were estimated on the bases of the seasonal flow rates and the seasonal water qualities of streams and effluents located around Mokpo harbour. Average daily amount of fresh water Stowing into Mokpo harbour obtained by the inflow rate data of 4 seasons was found to be about 5.5×10/sup 6/㎥/day and annual inflow rate to be about 2×10/sup 9/㎥/year. The seasonal flow rates of effluents iron Yongsan lake were above 90％ of total flow rates of all inflows in 4 seasons. The concentrations of COD, TSS, TIN and TP at 9 inflow stations Iron streams and effluents in 4 seasons were shown to be in the ranges of 2.87~42.69㎎/ℓ, 3.65~1080.32㎎/ℓ, 0.083~89.744㎎/ℓ and 0.028~6.926㎎/ℓ, respectively. The average loads of COD, TSS, TIN and TP into Mokpo harbour estimated by the data of 4 seasons were found to be about 37 ton/day, 64 ton/day, 13 ton/day and 1.2 ton/day, respectively. The loads of COD, TSS, TIN and TP into Mokpo harbour in summer were shown to be about 82 ton/day, 159 ton/day, 14 ton/day and 2 ton/day, respectively. The main source of pollution loads into Mokpo harbour was found to be the effluent of Yongsan lake.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.135-138
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• 2007

Hypertonicity imposes a great deal of stress to cells since it causes rise in cellular ionic strength, which can be reduced by the accumulation of compatible osmolytes. TonEBP plays a central role in the cellular accumulation of compatible osmolytes via transcriptional stimulation of membrane transporters and aldose reductase. Alternatively spliced forms of TonEBP mRNA have previously been reported and two of them showed different transcriptional activity. In the present study, isoform-specific antibodies were produced to confirm the translation of the spliced mRNA to protein. TonEBP was immunoprecipitated by using anti-TonEBP antibody and then immunoblotted using anti-TonEBP or isoform specific antibodies to find out the expression profile of TonEBP isoforms in basal or stimulated condition. From these results, we conclude that all TonEBP isoforms are expressed in mammalian cells and their expression patterns are not same in every cells.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.4A
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• pp.197-206
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• 2012

It is found the first case of broad interpretation of the crash analysis in MASH (Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware, AASHTO, 2009) which is the guideline of roadside safety features in United States. They introduced the procedure of calculating 1,500 kg sedan safety index from the 2,270 kg pick-up truck crash test for crash cushion. First, following MASH's method, calculate 0.9 ton vehicle crash data and safety index using 1.3 ton vehicle crash test data and compare with actual 0.9 ton vehicle crash test data. results show that actual test data and the data calculated by MASH's method have great difference. Second, analyse the cause and develop new method. Proposed method can estimate not only the lighter vehicle (0.9 ton) crash data from the heavier vehicle (1.3 ton) crash test but also heavier vehicle (1.3 ton) data from lighter vehicle (0.9 ton) test. This method is superior to MASH's method and has stronger theoretical foundation. This paper proves the efficiency and the accuracy of new broad interpretation method using crash test data and investigates the principle.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.133-139
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• 2009

1) 공시유기질비료의 전질소는 유기발효돈분(2.68 %) > 계분부산물퇴비(1.97 %) > 유기발효계분, 돈분부산물퇴비(1.92 %) > 유기퇴적우분(1.12 %) > 유기 생 우분(1.04 %) 순이었다. 또한 유기물 함량은 유기 생 우분(81.73 %) > 유기퇴적우분(75.52 %) > 계분부산물(68.25 %) > 유기발효돈분(63.37 %) > 돈분부산물(45.27 %) > 유기발효계분(32.05 %) 순이었다. 2) 수수$\times$수단그라스 교잡종의 건물수량은 1차에서는 유기발효계분(11.60 ton/ha)이 가장 많았으나 계분부산물퇴비(10.13 ton/ha), 돈분부산물퇴비(9.07 ton/ha)와의 유의차는 없었고, 2차 역시 유기발효계분(8.00 ton/ha)이 가장 많았으나 계분부산물퇴비(6.27 ton/ha), 돈분부산물퇴비(6.13 ton/ha)와의 유의차는 없었다(p<0.05). 3) CP 수량은 1차에서는 유기발효계분(0.69 ton/ha)이 가장 많았으나 돈분부산물퇴비(0.56 ton/ha), 계분부산물퇴비(0.55 ton/ha), 유기 생 우분(0.55 ton/ha)과의 유의차는 없었고, 2차에서는 유의차가 없었다(p<0.05). 4) TDN 수량은 1차에서는 유기발효계분(6.51 ton/ha)이 가장 많았으나 계분부산물 퇴비(5.80 ton/ha), 돈분부산물퇴비(5.08 ton/ha)와의 유의차는 없었고, 2차 역시 유기발효계분(4.80 ton/ha)이 가장 많이 나왔으나, 계분부산물퇴비(3.70 ton/ha)와 유의차는 없었다(p<0.05). 5) 상대사료가치(RFV)는 1차에서는 계분부산물퇴비 시비구가 80.66으로 유의하게 높았으나, 2차에서는 유기퇴적우분을 제외한 5개 시비구의 유의차는 없었다(p<0.05). 6) K는 유기발효계분(0.11 head/ha/yr)이 가장 높았으나 계분부산물퇴비(0.10 head/ha/yr), 돈분부산물퇴비(0.09 head/ha/yr)와 유의차는 없었고, $K_{CP}$ 역시 유기발효계분(7.23 head/ha/yr)이 가장 높게 나왔으나 돈분부산물퇴비(6.41 head/ha/yr), 유기 생 우분(6.15 head/ha/yr), 계분부산물퇴비(5.97 head/ha/yr)와의 유의차는 없었다(p<0.05). 또한 KTDN은 유기발효계분(8.90 head/ha/yr)이 가장 높게 나왔으나 계분부산물퇴비(7.49 head/ha/yr)와 유의차는 없었다(p<0.05). 7) 이상의 결과로 보았을 때, 유기발효계분이 수단그라스의 생산성, 사료가치 및 가축사육능력에서 가장 우수할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.333-345
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• 2007

As analyzed the estimated values of the daily delivery loads from thirteen major side streams such as Naesung-river, Keumho-river, Hwang-river, Nam-river during five years (from 1999 to 2003), the daily BOD inflow into the main stream of Nakdong river in 2003 shows the highest quantity as 31.1 ton and the daily BOD inflows in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002 are 26.7 ton, 22.5 ton, 21.0 ton, 25.8 ton, respectively. The daily TN in-flow into the main stream of Nakdong river in 2003 shows also the highest quantity as 64.9 ton and the daily TN inflows in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002 are 55.19 ton, 46.27 ton, 39.5 ton, 53.38 ton, respectively. The daily TP inflow into the main stream of Nakdong river in 2003 shows the highest quantity as 2.70 ton likewise and the daily TP inflows in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002 are 2.17 ton, 1.87 ton, 1.60 ton, 2.10 ton, respectively The rate of BOD loads from each side main stream into the main stream of Nakdong river shows that the BOD loads of Keumho-river are the highest as the values range from 32.8 % (2002) ${\sim}$ 35.1 % (2003) and the BOD loads of Nam-river, Naesung-river, Hwang-river are high in the order named. The rate of TN loads to the main stream is also similar to the trend of BOD loads. The contribution of the TN loads of Geumho-river to the contamination of the main stream is also the highest having a range from 27.0 % (2002) to 28.8 % (1999) among the main side streams and the TN loads of Naesung-river, Nam-river, and Heachun-river are high in the order named. The rate of TP loads is quite different from the trend of BOD and TN loads. The TP rate of Keumho-river, however, is still the highest as ranging 58.6 % (2002) to 61.7 % (2003) and the river has the biggest portion (over 50%) of the entire pollution to the main stream of Nakdong river.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2010

We studied the nitrogen behavior and budget of Lake Paldang from March to December 2008. The particulate nitrogen (PN) concentrations ranged from 7 to 13% of the total nitrogen concentration (TN) in the stream inflows, the downstream outflow, and the lake water. The nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3-N$) concentration ranged from 67 to 78% of the TN. In the three rivers of Lake Paldang, Gyeongan River (In3 site) had the highest average of the TN, 5.037 mgN/L, but North Han River (In2 site) had the lowest average TN, 1.683 mgN/L. South Han River (In1 site) had the average TN of 2.399 mgN/L. In the dam discharge, TN showed the average 2.063 mgN/L. In the lake water, L4 site (Gyeongan River area) had the highest average TN, 3.781 mgN/L, but L3 site (North Han River) had the lowest average TN, 1.587 mgN/L. Total input of nitrogen loads to Lake Paldang was about 30,875 ton/year in 2008. Inflow rivers contributed 30,643 ton/year (South Han River: 18,111 ton/year (59%), North Han River: 11,333 ton/year (37%), and Gyeongan River: 1,199 ton/year (4%)). The atmospheric deposition had 135 ton/year, the nitrogen release from the bottom sediments had 88 ton/year, and macrophytes had 9 ton/year. Total output of nitrogen loads from Lake Paldang was about 31,256 ton/year. The downstream from dam contributed 29,877 ton/year, and the sediment deposition was 1,379 ton/year.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2001

During the period from Jan. to Dec. 1998 and Yellow Sand phenomena, dustfall samples were collected by simple deposit jar and petridish, and calculation of passage amounts of Yellow Sand by the utilization of environmental air monitoring 4 stations from 1995 to 1998 in Seoul. Passage amounts of Yellow Sand were estimated 3,024 ton in 1995, 367 ton in 1996, 105 ton in 1997 and 3,444 ton in 1998 respectively. The highest passage amount of Yellow Sand was marked 3,444 ton in 1998 that is related to frequence of appearance. Average deposition of dusfall was $6.570{\;}ton/\textrm{km}^2$/month during the sampling periods, while average deposition of dusfall in Yellow Sand phenomena was $53.68{\;}ton/\textrm{km}^2$/month which was 8 times higher than average deposition.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.81-93
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• 1998

In order to estimate the an adequate application level for dry matter production of orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.) were investigated in different application levels of food waste compost and mineral nitrogen in 3 cuttings per annum, and to evaluated the soil improving effect of food waste compost. Annual food waste compost and mineral nitrogen were applied at levels of 0, 10, 20, 40 and $60ton\;ha^{-1}$, and 0, 90, 180 and $270kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Significantly higher dry matter yield of orchardgrass obtained were ranges of $8.92{\sim}9.70ton\;ha-1$ at levels of $180{\sim}270kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ than that of other levels of mineral nitrogen. Relative yield of each cut to annual dry matter yield were 32.0% 49.2% and 18.8% for 1st cut, 2nd cut and 3rd cut in mineral nitrogen treatment. Significantly higher dry matter yield of orchardgrass obtained were ranges of $8.04{\sim}8.90ton\;ha^{-1}$ at levels of $20{\sim}60ton\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ than that of other levels of food waste compost. The efficiency of dry matter production to application of mineral nitrogen(kg DM $kg^{-1}$ N) were 21.2, 19.0 and 15.6kg at levels of 90, 180 and $270kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$, respectively. Higher efficiency of dry matter Production obtained were 27.6~20.2 kg at levels of $90{\sim}180kg\;ha^{-1}$ of mineral nitrogen applied to $20ton\;ha^{-1}$ of food waste compost, it may due to accelerated mineralization by mineral nitrogen application. Highest efficiency of dry matter production to application of food waste compost (kg DM $ton^{-1}$ FWC) obtained was 71.0 kg at level of $40ton\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$. Maximum dry matter yield of orchardgrass obtained were $9.98ton\;ha^{-1}$ at limiting level of mineral nitrogen of $358.5kg\;ha^{-1}$ and $9.12ton\;ha^{-1}$ at limiting level of food waste compost of $49.3ton\;ha^{-1}$ per annum, respectively. Ranges of $20{\sim}49.3ton\;ha^{-1}$ of food waste compost and $180{\sim}358.5kg\;ha^{-1}$ of mineral nitrogen were estimated an adequate levels for increase in dry matter production, and to maintenance for orchardgrass pastures. Application of food waste compost was affected to improve the soil characteristics.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.271-280
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• 2007

Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein(TonEBP) is a transcriptional factor essential in the function and development of the renal medulla. TonEBP plays a critical role in protecting renal medullary cells from the deleterious effect of hypertonicity. TonEBP is a key regulator of urinary concentration via stimulation of transcription of urea transporter(UT) in a manner independent of vasopressin. UT in the renal inner medulla is important for the conservation of body water due to its role in the urine concentrating mechanism. Mongolian gerbil(Meriones unguiculatus) has been as an model animal for studying the neurological disease such as stroke and epilepsy because of the congenital incomplete in Willis circle, as well as the investigation of water metabolism because of the long time-survival in the condition of water-deprived desert condition, compared with other species animal. In this study, we divide 3 groups of which each group include the 5 animals. In the study of 7 or 14 days water restricted condition, we investigated the TonEBP and UT-A by using a immunohistochemistry in the kidney. In the normal kidney, the distribution of TonEBP is generally localized on nuclei of inner medullary cells. Nuclear distribution of TonEBP is generally increased throughout the medulla in 7 and 14 days dehydrated group compared with control group. Increased nuclear localization was particularly dramatic in thin limbs. In control groups, UT-A was expressed in inner stripe of outer medulla(ISOM) and inner medulla(IM). UT-A was present in the terminal part of the short-loop of descending thin limbs (DTL) in ISOM and also present in the inner medullary collecting duct(IMCD), where the intensity of it gradually increased toward the papillary tip. In the dehydrated kidney, UT-A immunoreactivity was increased in the short-loop of DTL in ISOM and in the long-loop of DTL in the initial part of IM, where was expressed moderate positive reaction in the normal kidney. Also it was up regulated in the IMCD in initial & middle part of IM. However UT-A down regulated in the IMCD, where the intensity of it gradually decreased toward the papillary tip. These findings suggest that increased levels of TonEBP in medulla and UT-A in shot-loop of DTL and IMCD play a important role for maintain fluid balance in the water-deprived mongolian gerbil kidney.