• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.418-427
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• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of a lab-scale novel septic tank system for improving the conventional septic tank in the developing countries of water shortages. The lab-scale novel septic tank system consists of sepetic tank, aeration tank with HBC-ring, and sand filter. Optimum HRT was reguired about 1.5days to get a total COD removal efficiency of 90%, COD, BOD and SS removal efficiency was about 70%, 60%, and 85% in sepetic tank only. The structure of sepetic tank with two stages results in the high removal efficiency of organic matter. When sepetic tank, aeration tank, and sand filter were more than HRT 1.5days, 18hrs, and 12hrs, respectively, final effluent was less than 20 mg/L of BOD, 14 mg/L of SS, so that there is a high potential of its use for reusing water in flush toilet. There is no significant effect of HRT change on nutrient removal. Total nitrogen removal efficiency was about 40%, final effluent was 30~40 mg/L of TN, total phosphorus removal efficiency was about 11~25%, final effluent was 9~12 mg/L of TP. Because there is very small amounts of organic nitrogen and phosphorus in effluent, it was possible to reuse water for agricultural use.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 1995년도 학술발표대회논문집 하
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• pp.121-128
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• 1995

The object of this study is to analyze the actual use of and the problems of bathrooms in urban apartments which have two bathrooms. There are some problems with the present western style bathrooms which have three different facilities in the same room: a toilet, a bathtub, and a washstand. Twenty-five percent of the respondents use the bathtub as a water tank or a storage. A toil not combined with a bathtub as well as some dressing space are desired for the main bathroom. Many residents of young age satisfied with the bathroom attached to the badroom.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.174-180
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• 2003

목적 : 불안정 방광은 소아에서 원발성 방광 요관역류를 생성하고 지속시키는 원인으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 불안정 방광의 치료제인 항콜린제의 사용은 일차성 방광요관역류의 자연 소실율을 증가시킬 수 있으나 논쟁의 여지가 있어왔다. 저자들은 항콜린제인 옥시부티닌이 소변 가리기 훈련과 배뇨 증상이 각기 다른 소아에서 원발성 방광요관역류의 소실에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하였다. 방법 : 1996년 10월부터 2002년 4월까지 이화의대 목동병원에 요로 감염으로 입원한 후 방광요관역류가 발견되고 1년 후 추적 검사에서도 소실되지 않은 152명을 대상으로 하였다. 옥시부티닌군(59명)은 옥시부티닌과 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole을, 대조군(93명)은 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole만을 투약했다. 방광요관역류의 소실율을 나이, 소변 가리기 및 배뇨 장애 유무에 따라 구분하여 분석하였다. 통계 분석은 Chisquare test를 이용하였고 P-값이 0.05 미만을 유의한 것으로 간주하였다. 결과 : 방광요관역류의 변화는 옥시부티닌군(59명)에서 소실 49.2%, 호전 20.3%, 무변화 30.5%로 대조군(93명)의 45.2%, 16.1%, 38.7%와 비교해 유의한 차이는 없었다. 소변을 가리지 못하는 영유아에서 방광요관역류의 변화는 옥시부티닌군(34명)에서 소실 50.0%, 호전 23.5%, 무변화 26.5%로 대조군(52명)의 44.2%, 19.2%, 36.6%와 비교해 유의한 차이는 없었다. 소변을 가리는 소아에서 방광요관역류의 변화는 옥시부티닌군(25명)에서는 소실 48.0%, 호전 16.0%, 무변화 36.0%로 대조군(41명)의 46.3%, 12.2%, 41.5%와 비교해 유의한 차이는 없었다. 소변을 가리고 배뇨 장애도 없는 연장아에서 방광요관역류의 변화는 옥시부티닌군(9명)에서 소실 33.3%, 호전11.1%, 무변화 55.6%로 대조군(28명)의 53.6%, 10.7%, 35.7%와 비교해 유의한 차이는 없었다. 소변을 가리나 배뇨 장애를 보이는 연장아에서 방광요관역류의 변화는 옥시부티닌군(16명)에서는 소실 56.3%, 호전 18.7%, 무변화 25.0%로 대조군(13명)의 30.7%, 15.4%, 53.9%와 비교해 소실되는 경향이나 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결론 : 옥시부티닌은 소변 가리기나 배뇨 장애와 관계없이 모든 소아에서 역류의 소실율에 미치는 치료 효과가 없었다. 배뇨 장애를 보이는 연장아에서는 역류의 소실율이 약간 증가되는 경향이 있었으나 유의하지 않았다. 원발성 방광요관역류에서 옥시부티닌은 배뇨 장애를 보이는 일부 연장아에서 신중하게 사용되어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제9권8호
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• pp.268-273
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• 2019

본 연구는 서울 경기지역 만 65세 이상의 건강한 재택 노인을 대상으로 항목별 일상생활수행능력에 따른 주관적 건강상태, 즉 건강불안감의 정도를 알아보는 서술적 조사연구이다. 대상자에게 일상생활수행능력(ADLs)에 따른 1-5점까지 주관적 건강상태(건강불안감)를 설문하고, 항목별 일상생활수행능력의 정도에 따라 4개의 집단(매우 어려움, 어려움, 쉬움, 매우 쉬움)으로 나누어 Jonckheere-Terpstra검정과 선형회귀선을 활용하여 순위추세를 비교하였다. Jonckheere-Terpstra검정에서 "화장실 이용하기", "목욕하기", "물건 사러가기" 항목에 어려움을 호소할수록 주관적 건강상태의 불안감이 상응하는 순위차이를 보였고, 선형회귀선 상에서 "화장실 이용하기"의 기울기가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 건강한 재택 거주 노인의 경우 "화장실 이용하기", "목욕하기", "물건 사러가기"가 어려울수록 건강불안의 증가 즉, 주관적 건강상태가 나빠지므로 이에 적절한 다각적인 사회복서비스를 개발할 필요가 있다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 1975

The law prohibits use of human excreta without proper treatment since 1968 in Korea, but the rate of infection of parasitic diseases is high among all ages of people. An examination of parasitic eggs in soil and vegetables was performed from April to September, 1974, soil samples were collected near toilet, at gardens, at vegetable farms with excreta used and not used, and strawberry farms in Shindong myon, Chunseong-gun, Kangwon province, and vegetables collected were cabbage, young radish, lettuce, Welshonion, spinach and strawberry. Main findings are as follows 1. Positive samples of Ascaris lumbricoides are 18 out of 25(64%) in the soils near toilet, 9 out of 28(3.2%) in the garden soils and 8 out of 18(44%) in the soils of vegetable farms. 2. Trichocephalus trichiurus and Enterobius vermicularis were detected in 8 soil samples respectively Trichostrongylus orientalis 7(25%) and Ancylostoma duodenale 3(11%) out of in the soils near toilets. 3. Parasitic egg negatives are 62(55%) out of 112 soil samples. 4. Ascaris lumbricoides is found in 11 roots(48%) of cabbage and young radish out of 23 respectively, 14 lettuce(34%) out of 41,4 Welsh onion(40%) out of 10,3 spinach(33%) out of 9, and 2 strawberry(11%) out of 18. 5. Ancylostoma duodenale positives are 2 roots of cabbage(9%) out of 23, 4 young radish (17%) out of 23, and 7 lettuce(17%) out of 41, and negatives of parasitic eggs on vegetables are 62 roots(51%) out of 124 samples.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.269-276
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• 2012

Marine caused pollution occurs mostly near coastal area and its main cause was known to be human feces issued from small vessels. To sterilize liquid pollutants from portable toilets of small vessels, an electrolysis treatment is judged to be the most economic and stable method considering an environment of its use. In this paper, we presents an electrolysis apparatus which is the most appropriate for sterilizing pollutants from portable toilets of small vessels and derives the minimum operating time of the apparatus for sterilizing norovirus which is a main target of marine caused pollution sources. In order to utilize renewable energy, we designed an apparatus which generates a renewable energy from solar cells. As a result, we could confirm the applicability of the proposed system with the results from experiments in three cases of different weather conditions.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.165-176
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• 2006

In the design guideline about the existing elderly housing, the equipment related to bathroom are the most important in the secure and functional aspect. On the other hand, the present elderly housing is being designed according to foreign design guideline or common housing form instead of reflecting living and physical qualities of the Korean elderly. Therefore, in this study based on the guideline of the existing literature, we made Mockup furnished with the equipments of bathroom and conducted an experiment in finding proper position and height for Korean elderly enough to use the bathroom conveniently and independently. The equipments of bathroom consist of different height wash bowls, toilet stools, grab bars, and a bathtub. As a result, suitable height of wash bowl is 760 mm $\pm{\alpha}$. We can realized that elderly feel comfortable to grab perpendicular bars of toilet stools more than horizontal ones. So it is necessary for elderly to grip perpendicular of grab bars added to prevention slipping and made shape easy to hold. Most of elderly told us that 500 mm of the bathtub setting is suitable. But many other people feel high. So height of the bathtub must be established lower than 500 mm for safety in the bathroom and for convenience.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 1999년도 Pre-symposium of the 10th ISWPC Recent Advances in Paper Science and Technology
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• pp.296-301
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• 1999

Different papers such as toilet and towel tissue, newsprint and copy paper made from reclaimed fibres were characterized using UV-VIS reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy. The emission properties of the extracts of the papers were also evaluated. Photochemical irradiation at ambient temperatures, and thermal aging of the copy papers at 105$^{\circ}C$ and 150$^{\circ}C$ were performed. Post-colour numbers (PC) were calculated from the reflectance values measured from the corresponding UV-VIS reflectance spectra. Light absorption coefficient spectra were calculated before and after irradiation, and the changes in absorption coefficient were related to the content of chromophores in the papers. Photochemical and thermal discolouration of the copy papers, similar to that of virgin fibres, was readily observed. The influence of changes in the concentrations of fluorescent brightening agents and dyes on the spectral properties was also assessed. Photostabilization studies of the copy papers were performed with the use of polymer additives polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF).

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.80-93
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• 2006

This purpose was to explore various directions of elderly service welfare space in village community center. Data were collected 3 types that floor plans of village community centers from 24 villages, interview data of these centers use and needs from 24 aged leaders or 96 elderly. The results were as followed: 1) The floor plans of more than 50% was type IV that was composed a basic spaces(entrance, living room, two rooms, kitchen), a toilet space, a heating system space and a storage space. This type was a current basis of the rural village community centers for elderlies. 2) Elderlies used the centers at winter or out of agricultural season, and visited these to pass the time and to promote friendship among them. 3) Also they went these to take a meal together and to save down personal heating expenses. Their needs for centers were a temporary share dwelling space at winter, a maintain social relationship throughout a health, a education and a side work activity, supplying health or sports facilities, and setting up toilet space. Therefore the current centers were needed to add functions of a temporary share dwelling, a energy saving heat system and a social promoting relationship, and so these could be represented to a elderly welfare service center in rural villages.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.393-399
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• 2020

The use of different types of wastewater (WW) for the cultivation of microalgae and cyanobacteria during recent decades has provided important economic and environmental benefits. However, direct use of WW can lead to growth inhibition and biomass contamination. In the present study, we separated the key WW nutrients, namely nitrate and phosphate, by adsorption and regeneration and used the resulting regenerated water to cultivate the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. The adsorbent was granular γ-alumina derived from waste aluminum cans. This procedure recovered 19.9% of nitrate and 23.7% of phosphate from WW. The cyanobacterial cultures efficiently assimilated the nutrients from the medium prepared using regenerated WW, and the growth and nutrient uptake were similar to those in a synthetic medium. In addition, imposing nutrient limitations to increase carbohydrate productivity was easily achieved using regenerated wastewater nutrients, without requiring additional dilution or complex processing. In acute toxicity tests, the harvested biomass in a regenerated medium had similar toxicity levels compared to the biomass obtained from a synthetic medium. The proposed method of using regenerated WW to produce contamination-free biomass has broad potential applications.