• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2010

금강밀과 Dark Northern Spring(DNS)밀의 제분 중 발생하는 기울과 배아로부터 추출한 기름(WBG oil)을 $5^{\circ}C$, 1700 Lux로 12일 동안 광산화시킬때 토코페롤, 카로티노이드, 인지질 함량 변화를 측정하고 이들과 WBG oil의 광산화 관련성을 평가하였다. 토코페롤, 카로티노이드, 인지질은 WBG oil의 광산화 중 분해되었으며 DNS밀 WBG oil이 금강밀 WBG oil에서보다 토코페롤의 분해가 빨랐으나, 카로티노이드와 인지질 분해 속도는 느렸다. WBG oil의 광산화 정도와 산화방지성분의 상관관계는 매우 높았으며 인지질이 WBG oil의 광산화에 가장 큰 영향을 나타내었다. 금강밀 WBG oil에 비해 리놀레산 함량이 낮고 올레산 함량이 높았던 DNS밀 WBG oil은 지방산 조성은 물론 인지질의 높은 함량과 낮은 분해 속도에 기인하여 높은 광산화안정성을 나타내었다. 본 결과는 빛의 존재하에서 DNS밀 WBG oil보다는 금강밀 WBG oil이 토코페롤 source로 사용될 수 있는 가능성을 보여주었다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2005

A cDNA encoding ${\gamma}-tocopherol$ methyltransferase (${\gamma}-TMT$) from Arabidopsis thaliana was overexpressed in lettuce (Latuca sativa L.) to improve the tocopherol composition. Seven lines of lettuce ($T_0$) containing the ${\gamma}-TMT$ transgene were produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The inheritance and expression of the transgene were confirmed by DNA and RNA gel blot analyses as well as quantification of tocopherols and ${\gamma}-TMT$ activities. The ratio of ${\alpha}-/{\gamma}-tocopherol$ content (TR) varied from 0.6 to 1.2 in non-transformed plants, while the $T_0$ plants had ratios of 0.8 to 320. The ratio ranged from 0.4 to 544 in 41 $T_1$ progenies of the $T_0$ transgenic line gTM3, and the phenotypic segregation indicated monogenic inheritance of the transgene (i.e., 3:1 = dominant:wild-type classes). There was a tight relationship between the TR phenotype and ${\gamma}-TMT$ activity, and enzyme activities were affected by the copy number and transcript levels of the transgene. The TR phenotype was stably expressed in $T_2$ progenies of $T_1$ plants. The results from this study indicated that a stable inheritance and expression of Arabidopsis ${\gamma}-TMT$ transgene in lettuce results in a higher enzyme activity and the conversion of the ${\gamma}-tocopherol$ pool to ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ in transgenic lettuce.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1059-1063
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• 2005

조류(microalgae, from Schizochytrium sp.)로부터 DHA가 풍부하고 이취가 적은 지질을 획득하고 이를 옥수수유와 기질로 이용, Lipozyme IM(from Rhizomucor miehei) 촉매하에 TAG형태로 합성된 재구성지질(SL)을 이용하여, 효소적 glycerolysis반응에 의해 DAG와 MAG함유 기능성 유지를 생성하였다. Normal-phase HPLC 분석 결과, 48시간 동안 합성 된 DAG와 MAG의 함량은 각각 33.6과 $18.7\%$이었으며, 지방산 분석 결과에서 DHA는 각각 10.7과 $8.1 mol\%$의 함량을 보였다. 합성에 있어서 2에서 48시간에 따라 생성되는 DAG와 MAG의 함량 변화를 분석한 결과, 반응 시간 증가에 따라 그 생성량도 증가하는 경향을 보였고, ${\alpha},\;{\gamma}$ 및 $\delta-tocopherol$의 총 함량은 반응시간이 길어질수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.289-298
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• 2006

We studied the effects of intake of the steamed bean powder(SB) and chungkukjang powder(CK) on blood parameters such as glucose, albumin, GOT, GPT, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total-/HDL-/LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride, and blood antioxidant nutrients such as retinol, tocopherols and carotenes in 26 college women. There were 2 groups, one group had 13 participants who consumed 30g SP and second group (13 participants) consumed 30g CK daily for 4 weeks. The study compared before with after SP/CK intake. The average age of the participants was 22.1 years, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of all parameters before the study. The energy intake showed no significant differences between before and after SP/CK intake. C(carbohydrate) propotion was reduced, and P(protein) and F(fat) ratio were increased after 4 week intake of SP/CK. Indices of nutritional quality(INQ) of protein(p<0.01), iron(p<0.05), zinc(p<0.05), vitamin C(p<0.05) were significantly increased after SP intake, and those of protein(p<0.05) and zinc also increased after CK intake. There were no significant differences in TG, total-/HDL-/LDL-cholesterol before and after SP/CK intake. The CK intake group showed the reduction only in retinol level in blood(p<0.05). Some students reported the improvement of the constipation and the regularity of the bowel elemination, and some students experienced the prolongation effects on one's monthly days after SP/CK intake. In this study, we could see the effect of improvement in some nutrients intake, but no effect in blood parameters by SP/CK intake for 4 weeks. That reason might be that the participants were healthy young women, or the trail period was not enough long to change.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.211-216
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• 2004

회분식 반응기(stirred-tank batch reactor)를 사용한 DAG, MAG 함유 기능성유지를 비용매계(solvent-free system) 조건에서 효소적 반응을 이용하여 합성하였다. 48시간 동안 합성된 지질을 HPLC를 사용한 TAG, 1,3-DAG, 1,2-DAG 및 MAG 함량 분석결과 각각 45.05, 16.27, 23.05 및 14.98%로 분석되었으며 체중개선 기능성 유지의 지방산 조성 분석결과 palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic 및 linolenic acid가 13.21, 0.15, 2.02, 34.36, 49.12 및 1.14 mol%로 분석되었다. 합성된 지질의 ${\alpha},\;{\gamma}$ 및 ${\delta}-tocopherol$ 함량을 분석한 결과는 각각 0.014, 0.029 및 0.010%로 분석되었으며 총 tocopherol 함량은 0.053%로 나타났다. 또한 재구성된 지질을 사용하여 산가, 비누화가, 요오드가를 측정하였으며 융점 및 결정화점을 살펴보고 이를 통하여 옥수수유로 유래된 DAG, MAG를 함유한 체중개선 기능성 유지의 이화학적, 물리적 특징을 규명하였다. 체중개선 기능성 유지의 산화 안정성 실험을 시행한 결과 체중개선 기능성 유지가 원료유인 옥수수유보다 높은 과산화물가와 p-anisidine가를 보였으며 각기 달리 혼합한 rosemary추출물(100, 200 및 300ppm)이 체중개선 기능성 유지와 옥수수유의 산화를 감소 시켰다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.251-255
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• 1991

들기름의 산화안정성 향상을 위해 primary antioxidant로 이용한 몇 가지 상업용 레시틴에 토코페롤, 구연산, ascorbyl palmitate 등의 항산화제 및 상승제를 첨가하여 들기름의 산화방지 효과 및 상승효과를 AOM 시험과 OVEN 시험에 의하여 비교 연구하였다. AOM시간이 2시간인 들기름에 5%의 상업용 레시틴을 첨가했을 때 우제유사(迂製油社) I 제품만이 8시간인 것을 제외하고 AOM 시간이 16시간인 정제 대두유의 유도시간 보다 길었다. 레시틴의 종류 및 농도에 따른 AOM 시험 조건에서의 산화안정성과 $60,\;37^{\circ}C$ OVEN 시험에서의 산화안정성은 유사한 실험결과를 나타냈다. 토코페롤은 일반 유지의 경우와는 다르게 ${\gamma}-rich-tocopherol$이${\dalta}-rich-tocopherol$과 mixed tocopherol를 첨가한 경우 보다 항산화 효과가 우수하였다. 또한 들기름에 레시틴의 첨가량을 증가할 수록 유도시간이 증가되었으며 레시틴에 대한 토코페롤, 구연산, ascorbyl palmitate의 혼합물은 상승효과가 인정되었다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.767-773
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• 2014

찹쌀풀과 생참기름을 이용한 전통적인 방법으로 제조한 연근, 김, 깻잎 부각의 산화방지활성과 산화방지 성분을 평가하였다. 깻잎 부각이 가장 높은 라디칼 소거 활성과 환원력을 보였으며 연근 부각의 활성이 가장 낮았는데 부각 원료인 데친 연근, 김, 깻잎의 활성과 동일한 순서이었다. 폴리페놀 화합물 함량은 연근, 김 부각보다는 깻잎 부각에서 더 높았고, 부각의 토코페롤은 대부분 튀김유인 참기름에서 유래하였다. 부각의 산화 방지 활성은 폴리페놀 화합물 함량과 높은 상관관계를 보였으나 토코페롤 함량과의 상관관계는 매우 낮아 폴리페놀 화합물이 부각의 산화 방지 활성에 더욱 긴밀하게 기여하고 있음을 의미하였다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.323-329
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• 2006

To more accurately estimate vitamin A and vitamin E intake of Koreans, food composition databases of the tocopherol and carotenoid contents of Korean foods are needed. In this study, the tocopherol $(\alpha-,\;\gamma-,\;and\;\delta-)$ and carotenoid ($\alpha-carotene,\;\beta-carotene,\;\beta-ctyptoxanthin$, lutein, and zeaxanthin) contents of 12 Korean cooked combination foods commonly consumed by children in Kwangju, Republic of Korea, were determined using reversed-phase HPLC. All samples were obtained from 3 different households in Kwangju during summer, 2005. All cooked foods in this study had detectable quantities of $\alpha-tocopherol,\;\gamma-tocopherol$ except for shoegogimugook, and $\delta-tocopherol$ except for myulchibokkeum Doejigogibokkeum had the highest $\alpha-tocopherol$ content (0.64 mg/l00 g edible portion), and $\gamma-tocopherol\;and\;\delta-tocopherol$ contents of gimbab were the highest among the foods (1.01 and 0.26 mg/l00 g edible portion). $\beta-carotene$ was found in all food samples. Gimbab had the highest contents of $\alpha-carotene,\;\beta-carotene$, and lutein among Korean cooked combination foods (158.3, 266.6, and $375.4{\mu}g/100g$ edible portion). Miyukgook contained only $\beta-carotene$ ($2.5{\mu}g/100g$ edible portion). Considerable sample-to-sample variability in tocopherol and carotenoid compositions were observed in several Korean cooked combination foods included in this study. Some of these carotenoids $(\alpha-carotene,\;\beta-carotene,\;and\;\beta-cryptoxanthin)$ are vitamin A precursors. The findings of this study may be valuable for use in Korean databases as well as nutrient consumption research for vitamin A and vitamin E.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.616-627
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin E is essential for health, and although vitamin E deficiency seems rare in humans, studies on estimates of dietary intake are lacking. This study aimed to estimate dietary vitamin E intake, evaluate dietary adequacy of vitamin E, and detail major food sources of vitamin E in the Korean population. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016-2019. Individuals aged ≥ 1 year that participated in a nutrition survey (n = 28,418) were included. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h recall and individual dietary vitamin E intake was estimated using a newly established vitamin E database. Dietary adequacy was evaluated by comparing dietary intake with adequate intake (AI) as defined by Korean Dietary Reference Intakes 2020. RESULTS: For all study subjects, mean daily total vitamin E intake was 7.00 mg α-tocopherol equivalents, which was 61.6% of AI. The proportion of individuals that consumed vitamin E at above the AI was 12.9%. Inadequate intake was observed more in females, older individuals, rural residents, and those with a low income. Mean daily intakes of tocopherol (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-forms) and tocotrienol were 6.02, 0.30, 6.19, 1.63, and 1.61 mg, respectively. The major food groups that contributed to total dietary vitamin E intake were grains (22.3%), seasonings (17.0%), vegetables (15.3%), and fish, and shellfish (7.4%). The top 5 individual food items that contributed to total vitamin E intake were baechu kimchi, red pepper powder, eggs, soybean oil, and rice. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that mean dietary vitamin E intake by Koreans did not meet the reference adequate intake value. To better understand the status of vitamin E intake, further research is needed that considers intake from dietary supplements.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.771-786
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• 2021

This study was performed to investigate the contents of fat-soluble nutrients (tocopherols, retinol, carotenoids, fatty acids, and cholesterol) and phospholipids (PLs) in seven types (imported SPA, SPS, SFS, and SSI; and domestic MLM, MPM, and NIX) of commercial infant formulas (IFs). The contents of tocopherol and retinol activity equivalent (RAE) in the seven IFs were 1.42 - 3.86 mg α-TE·100 kcal^-1 and 64.90 - 144.95 ㎍ RAE·100 kcal^-1, respectively. The imported IFs contained high contents of lutein + zeaxanthin (29.68 - 32.49 ㎍·100 g^-1) and lycopene (71.80 - 93.28 ㎍·100 g^-1), while the domestic IFs did not contain lycopene. The contents of linoleic acid (C18:2) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3) in the seven IFs were also within the recommended ranges (C18:2, 300 - 1,400 mg·100 kcal^-1 and C18:3, over 50 mg·100 kcal^-1) of Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The ratio of arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) was 2.42 - 2.74 in the imported IFs and 0.96 - 1.08 in the domestic IFs. However, the DHA content of the domestic IFs (0.37 - 0.65 g·100 g^-1 fat%) was much higher than that of the imported IFs (0.16 - 0.18%). Total PL contents were 108.02 - 135.93 mg·100 kcal^-1 for the domestic IFs and 6.05 - 66.70 mg·100 kcal^-1 for the imported IFs. The main PLs of the domestic IFs were phosphatidyl choline (48.5 - 71.1% of total PLs), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (12.8 - 23.1%), phosphatidyl serine (7.0 - 11.6%), and sphingomyelin (4.3 - 21.5%).