• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.1367-1375
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• 2023

Objective: Pigment production and distribution are controlled through multiple proteins, resulting in different coat color phenotypes of sheep. Methods: The expression distribution of vimentin (VIM) and transthyretin (TTR) in white and black sheep skins was detected by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem MS (LC-ESI-MS/MS), gene ontology (GO) statistics, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to evaluate their role in the coat color formation of sheep. Results: LC-ESI-MS/MS results showed VIM and TTR proteins in white and black skin tissues of sheep. Meanwhile, GO functional annotation analysis suggested that VIM and TTR proteins were mainly concentrated in cellular components and biological process, respectively. Further research confirmed that VIM and TTR proteins were expressed at significantly higher levels in black sheep skins than in white sheep skins by Western blot, respectively. Immunohistochemistry notably detected VIM and TTR in hair follicle, dermal papilla, and outer root sheath of white and black sheep skins. qRT-PCR results also revealed that the expression of VIM and TTR mRNAs was higher in black sheep skins than in white sheep skins. Conclusion: The expression of VIM and TTR were higher in black sheep skins than in white sheep skins and the transcription and translation were unanimous in this study. VIM and TTR proteins were expressed in hair follicles of white and black sheep skins. These results suggested that VIM and TTR were involved in the coat color formation of sheep.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.83-88
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate the safety of the wet tissues. In this study, we analyzed sterilizing preservatives and the presence of harmful substances in 62 wet tissue samples in the market. The contents of preservatives, formaldehyde and methanol were analyzed by HPLC and headspace-GC, respectively. Cetylpyridinium chloride was detected as 7-13 ppm in 5 samples. Sodium benzoate was detected in 46 samples ranging from 200 ppm to 3500 ppm, and 9 ppm of methylparahydroxy benzoate was detected in 1 sample. Propylparahydroxy benzoate was not detected in any samples. 5 ppm of methylchloroisothiazolinone and 140 ppm of methylisothiazolinone were detected in 1 sample. Formaldehyde was detected as $0.0069-1.796{\mu}g/g$ in 59 samples. Methanol was detected ranging from 2 ppm to 51 ppm in 22 samples, and 4 samples showed more than 20 ppm of the legal limit. The pH of the wet tissues was 4.0 to 8.2. Continuous investigation and monitoring are necessary to ensure safe distribution of products.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.187-194
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• 1995

This study was carried out to obtain fundamental data on the metabolism of hibernant fish loach, Misgurnus mizolepis. Main focus was on the compositon of muscle components and its changes in fresh - water loach before and after spawning season and before and after hibernation. Distributional changes of carbohydrate, protein and lipid in the muscle tissues were also investigated. Change patterns of miosture and crude protein, and moisture and crude lipid were in inversely proportional, i.e. : moisture amount showed the lowest value after spawnig season, the highest just after hibernation, but crude protein and crude lipid were the highest values after spawning season, and the lowest just after hibernation. Carbohydrate showed the highest value just before hibernation and tended to decrease thereafter. Muco layer of epidermis and muscle cell of hypodermis layer in loach were remarkable in its PAS dyeing degree after sapwning season, and it was presumed to include high percentage of protein or carbohydrate. Dermis layer became thinner before spawning hibernation. Lipid component in female tended to distribute relatively widely in the muscle cell layer before spawning season, but in case of male mainly in muco layer and epidermis layer. It appeared that lipid was spreaded mainly in epidermis and hypodermis tissue after spawning season, while it prevailed in almost all tissues but tended to decrease after hibernation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.449-457
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• 2015

In this study, to evaluate the usefulness of the treatment plan of tomotherapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in the radiotherapy for prostate cancer, the absorbed dose, dose volume histogram (DVH), treatment efficiency, and the results of dose verification accuracy using MapCHECK2 were compared and analyzed. Of the prostate cancer patients who underwent tomotherapy treatment in the Radiologic Oncology of H University Hospital between July 2014 and December 2014, 12 patients were randomly selected. As a result of analyzing the absorbed dose and DVH, both radiologic treatment plans showed slight differences in the treatment of the cancer tissues and the bladder, but the difference was in the error range of -5% to +3%, and did not exceed the side effect guideline or the tolerance dose limit. VMAT showed higher treatment efficiency than tomotherapy with a 2.5 times shorter treatment time and a 10.3 times less monitor unit (MU). Both showed 95% or higher dose accuracy satisfying the standard. VMAT showed 2.3% higher efficiency than tomotherapy. In both tomotherapy and VMAT, appropriate doses were absorbed for cancer tissues, and did not exceed the tolerance dose for normal tissues showing no significant difference in dose distribution. However, considering the shorter treatment time, lower total MU, and better treatment efficiency and dose verification accuracy, VMAT may be more useful than tomotherapy in cancer treatments.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.55-69
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• 1987

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stress distributions of the fixed partial denture with five unit intermediate abutment. This fixed partial denture was attached to a three dimensional photoelastic epoxy resin model. Three dimensional photoelastic models were used, with the stress areas recorded photographically. A vertical load was applied to the second molar, which is the most posterior abutment of the fixed partial denture. Similarly, a vertical load was applied to the first molar because this tooth receives the heaviest masticatory load. These loads were added to two types of fixed partial denture. the rigid connector, and the nonrigid connector which was connected on the distal side of the intermediate abutment by a key and keyway device. After the stress patterns in surrounding tissues were observed, the following conclusions were as follows: 1. When the vertical load was applied to the first and second molars on the occlusal surfaces, the surrounding tissues of the roots of the canine, the second premolar, and the second molar were all compressive stresses. 2. When the vertical load was applied on the occlusal surface of the second molar, the tissue surrounding the roots of the canine, the second premolar, and the second molar all showed more stresses with the nonrigid connector than with the rigid connector. 3. When the vertical load was applied to the occlusal surface of the first molar, the stress concentration on the canine and the second molar was similar, whether the rigid or nonrigic connectors were used. However, on the second premolar, the stress concentration shown by the nonrigid connector was noticeably more than that shown by the rigid connector. 4. Whether the rigid or nonrigid connectors were used, when the load was placed on the first molar, the stress concentration on the canine and the second premolar was greater than that observed for the second molar. When the load was placed on the second molar, the load affected the second molar more than the canine and the second premolar.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.509-526
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• 2000

It is known that injuries to the dentin have a corresponding inflammatory effect on the pulp and these inflammatory effects frequently result in pulpal pathoses due to progressive degradation of pulpal connective tissue. It was supposed that the tissue degradation in different inflammatory process was controlled by proteinase activity and antiproteinase activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the pulp and periapical pathoses in terms of the activities of proteinase and proteinase inhibitor, 37 pulpal tissues were divided by clinical diagnostic criteria into normal pulp, acute inflamed pulp, and chronic inflamed pulp, and then those groups were subdivided by histopathological findings into 5 pulpal pathoses groups, i.e. normal pulp (P1, n=8), chronic pulpitis with fibrotic change (P2, n=2), chronic pulpitis with dystrophic calcification (P3, n=11), chronic pulpitis with pulp abscess (P4, n=7), acute pulpitis with necrotic change (P5, n=4), 26 periapical tissues were also divided by ordinary histopathological findings into 3 periapical pathoses group, i.e., granuloma (A1, n=17), cyst (A2, n=2) and abscess (A3, n=7). The activities of proteinases (cathepsin G, MMP-3) and proteinase inhibitors (${\alpha}1$-AT, TIMP-1 and, SLPI) were evaluated by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods. The results were as follows. 1. Generally, the intensity of immunohistochemical staining of proteinases and proteinase inhibitors increased in P2 and P5 groups compared to P1 group. 2. The immunohistochemical stain of proteinases and proteinase inhibitors was intensely detected in P2 group, showing low inflammatory reaction and low tissue degradation, but it was reduced in P3 and P4 groups, showing severe tissue degradation. 3. The distribution of proteinases and proteinase inhibitors in pulpal pathoses was consistently presented by immunohistochemical staining, while the expression of proteinase and/or proteinase inhibitors mRNAs in pulpal pathoses was occasionally detected by RT-PCR methods. 4. RT-PCR of proteinase and proteinase inhibitors was usually positive in P2, showing rare tissue degradation, but it was almost negative in P3 and P4, showing severe tissue degradation. 5. We presume that the reason why the level of proteinase and proteinase inhibitors was so sparse in RT-PCR method is due to the abrupt decrease of mRNA synthesis or degradation of synthesized mRNA of proteinase and/or proteinase inhibitors depend on the inflammatory reaction and/or on the degradation of pulp tissues(P3, P4). 6. Pulpal pathoses groups showed significant lower RT-PCR detection of proteinases and proteinase inhibitors than the periapical pathoses group(p<0.05), and there is no significant difference among the periapical pathoses groups(p>0.05).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.257-266
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• 1999

Ivermectin is a widely used broad spectrum antiparasitic agent in veterinary medicine. In this work, we examined the pharmacokinetic parameters and the tissue residue profile of a new injectable formulation of ivermectin developed for pigs. The plasma ivermectin levels reached the peak at about 9 and 2 hours after the administrations in young and adult pigs, respectively. But the elimination half-life (3-3.5 days) and the $C_{max}$ values (24~28 ng/ml) were not significantly different between young and adult pig groups. When compared to the reference formulation, the $C_{max}$ of test formulation was higher and $T_{1/2}$ values were shorter than those of the reference formulation, respectively. The tissue residue levels were dose- and time-dependent and were higher in the liver and fat, than in the other tissues such as the injection sites, the kidney, intestine, muscle, plasma (4~74 ng/g) at the 7th day after the administration of both formulations of ivermectin. Then, the mean tissue ivermectin levels at the 21st day after the administration in all the tissues decreased to 7.4 and 25% of the 7th day levels in the test and reference formulations, respectively. In general, the tissue levels of ivermectin in the animals treated with the test formulation decreased more rapidly than those with the reference formulation. The tissue to plasma distribution ratio (T/P ratio) of ivermectin was higher in the liver and fat than other tissues. The T/P ratio in the liver of animals treated with the test formulation was somewhat higher than that in the animals treated with the reference formulation. Taken together, the results of pharmacokinetic and tissue residue studies indicate that the test formulation of ivermectin for subcutaneous injection is comparable to the reference formulation, but unique in that it has higher peak plasma concentrations, shorter elimination half-life and higher T/P ratio in the liver than the reference formulation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1088-1097
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• 2018

Objective: It is commonly accepted that adiponectin binds to its two receptors to regulate fatty acid metabolism in adipocytes. To better understand their functions in the regulation of intramuscular adipogenesis in goats, we cloned the three genes (adiponectin [AdipoQ], adiponectin receptor 1 [AdipoR1], and AdipoR2) encoding these proteins and detected their mRNA distribution in different tissues. We also determined the role of AdipoQ in the adipogenic differentiation of goat skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs). Methods: SMSCs were isolated using 1 mg/mL Pronase E from the longissimus dorsi muscles of 3-day-old female Nanjiang brown goats. Adipogenic differentiation was induced in satellite cells by transferring the cells to Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with an isobutylmethylxanthine, dexamethasone and insulin cocktail. The pEGFP-N1-AD plasmid was transfected into SMSCs using Lipofectamine 2000. Expression of adiponectin in tissues and SMSCs was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemical staining. Results: The three genes were predominantly expressed in adipose and skeletal muscle tissues. According to fluorescence and immunocytochemical analyses, adiponectin protein expression was only observed in the cytoplasm, suggesting that adiponectin is localized to the cytoplasm of goat SMSCs. In SMSCs overexpressing the AdipoQ gene, adiponectin promoted SMSC differentiation into adipocytes and significantly (p<0.05) up-regulated expression of AdipoR2, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty-acid synthase, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, though expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding $protein-{\alpha}$, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$, and AdipoR1 did not change significantly. Conclusion: Adiponectin induced SMSC differentiation into adipocytes, indicating that adiponectin may promote intramuscular adipogenesis in goat SMSC.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 1990

To investigate the etiology, pathogenicity and virological properties of NYJ-1-87 strain of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) that was isolated from the diseased piglet in Korea, the virus at $10^{6.0}TCID_{50}/0.1ml$ was inoculated intranasally and subcutaneously into 30 to 35 days-old piglets. Results obtained through the experiments were summarized as follows. 1. Ten of the infected piglets were clinically observed for 15 days. On the 2nd day post-inoculation(pi), the signs of pyrexia, anorexia and convulsion were noted. On the 4th to 7th days pi, nervous signs of incoordination and intermittent spasm were shown in the most of piglets, and one out of 5 piglets infected intranasally was died with severe nervous signs at the 7th day pi. The signs became relieved on the 8th day pi and all of remainder were completely recovered on the 13th to 14th days pi. 2. In hematological study, prominent decrease in the number of total leukocyte and lymphocyte was shown in the ADV-infected piglets on the 6th day pi. On the 8th day pi, the cell numbers were slightly increased and returned to normal level on the 10th day pi. 3. Viral excretion of the ADV-inoculated piglets was examined by swabbing of nasal and oral cavities, and rectal feces. During the periods of the 3rd to 11th days pi, the virus was excreted intermittently from nasal and oral cavities, and rectal feces. The nasal excretions were shown the highest virus concentration of $10^{5.2}TCID_{50}/0.1ml$ at the 5th day pi. 4. Recovery of the inoculated virus from various organs of the piglets that were died or experimentally slaughtered was attempted, and the virus was isolated from the tissues of brain and tonsil by the cultured cell-inoculation method. The highest recovery rate was noted in the tonsil. By indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay using ADV-monoclonal antibody, the viral antigens were detected in tissues of spleen and liver as well as brain and tonsil on the 7th to 9th days pi. The virus was not isolated from blood and the tissues of lung and kidney throughout the experiments. 5. Titers of virus neutralizing antibody in the piglets experimentally infected with ADV became increased after the 6th to 9th days pi in both of intranasal and subcutaneous inoculation showing the highest titers of 64 to 128 on the 29th day pi. When the antibody levels were measured by radial immunodiffusion enzyme assay, the reactive diameter was enlarged to be positive after the 4th to 6th days pi in both of intranasal and subcutaneous inoculation showing the largest diameter of 13 to 14mm on the 29th day pi.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.677-684
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• 1998

The distribution and elimination of oxolinic acid (OA) following oral (80mg/kg body weight) and bath (20 mg/$\ell$) treatment were examined in the organs and plasma of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on different temperatures and physiological conditions using a bioassay method. On the analysis of temperature effect, both absorption and elimination of OA after oral administration were delayed in the group at $15^{\circ}C$. but significant difference of the peak concentrations in the tissues of the groups at $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ was not revealed. However, the changes of maximam concentration, absorption and elimination rates in the tissues of fish following bath treatment depending on different temperatures were more significantly different from the results of the studies with oral administration. The pharmacokinetics of OA in the tissues of diseased fish, the main target of drug treatment, also appeared to be distinguishable from those of healthy fish.