• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.77-87
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was designed to define the Korean norm values for the Ricketts analysis. Methods: In this longitudinal study, lateral cephalograms of 31 subjects with normal occlusion were taken biennially from ages 9-19 years. Cephalometric measurements were performed. Parameters for which the 10-year change did not exceed one standard deviation were defined as unchanged. The means and standard deviations for the measured parameters were determined for each age group. Results: No significant changes in growth were observed in the molar relationship, incisor overjet, incisor overbite, mandibular incisor extrusion, interincisor angle, lower incisor tip (B1) to A point-Pogonion (A-PO) plane, upper incisor tip (A1) to A-PO plane, B1 inclination to A-PO, A1 inclination to A-PO, B1 inclination to Frankfurt plane (FH), convexity, lower facial height, facial axis, maxillary depth, maxillary height, palatal plane to FH, cranial deflection, ramus Xi position, or porion location. Continual changes over the 10 years of growth were observed in the maxillary first molar distal position to pterygoid true vertical plane, facial depth, mandibular plane to FH, anterior cranial length, mandibular arc, and corpus length. Conclusions: Clinicians can apply the Korean norms at age 9 as determined in this study when using the Ricketts analysis. The patient's age at the beginning of treatment and their sex should be taken into consideration when drawing visual treatment objectives.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.818-839
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• 1996

The strain gage, holographic and photoelastic analysis etc. have been used for stress analysis of prosthesis, orthodontic or orthopedic appliances and filling materials. But these methods has some limitation in analyzing the internal stress. The Finite Element Analysis has been proved to compensate this defect and widely used in this area. The purpose of this study was to compare the stress distributions of the various temporary filling methods being used in pulpotomy procedure. Three different models were designed according to temporary filling material and method: amalgam filling with ZOE base(Model I), amalgam filling with ZPC sub-base and ZOE(Model II), IRM filling only(Model III). The results of the experiment were as follows: 1. In model I under the load case 6 and 1, the significant stress was shown to be concentrated on the buccal portion of crown. 2. Model II showed the similar pattern of stress distribution to Model I. 3. In model III under load case 2, the stress was mainly distributed on the buccal cusp tip and buccal margin of filling material. In same model under the load case 3, the stress was distributed on the lingual cusp tip. 4. Based on the above data, IRM can be assumed to have advantage over the other tested materials in reducing the incidence of crown fracture by localized the stress within the filling materials.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제111권2호
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• pp.287-301
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• 2022

본 연구는 기계화 목재 생산 작업에 가장 많이 활용되는 크레인 작업의 효율성을 높이기 위하여 엔드이펙터를 직관적으로 수직 또는 수평 제어할 수 있는 크레인 팁 제어방법을 제안하고 제어성능을 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 실험 변수에 따른 제어성능을 검증하고자 전동실린더를 이용하여 실험실 규모의 크레인을 제작하고, 크레인에 대한 순기구학/역기구학 분석을 통하여 현재 크레인 팁의 위치좌표와 각 목표점에서의 조인트 각도를 출력할 수 있도록 구성하였다. 경로점을 생성하여 제어하는 방법을 이용하였고, LBO(Lateral Boundary Offset)을 이용한 불감대 영역을 설정하도록 하였다. 뱅뱅제어(Bang-bang control)을 이용하여 적정 파라미터를 선정하였고, 경로점의 개수와 LBO 반경은 평균오차와 관계가 있었으며, 실린더의 속도는 소요시간과 관계가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 경로점의 개수가 증가, LBO 반경이 감소함에 따라 평균오차는 감소하였고, 실린더의 속도가 감소함에 따라 소요시간은 감소하였다. 비례제어를 이용하여 실린더의 속도가 매 제어주기마다 변경될 때에는 소요시간은 큰 폭으로 감소하였지만 실제 제어의 형상은 큰 범위에서 오버슈트와 언더슈트를 반복하며 제어가 이루어졌다. 따라서, 추가적으로 각각의 실린더의 속도를 상대적으로 변경할 수 있는 속도 게인을 적용하여 비례제어를 수행하였고, 10 mm 이내의 범위에서 제어가 이루어짐에 따라 20 ms의 제어주기에서 속도 게인이 적용된 비례제어만을 이용하여 크레인 팁 제어가 가능한 것으로 검증되었다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.265-273
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• 2007

This paper expands an analytical performance model of 802.11 to accurately estimate throughput and energy demand of 802.11-based wireless sensor network (WSN) when sensor nodes employ Reed-Solomon (RS) codes, one of block forward error correction (FEC) techniques. This model evaluates these two metrics as a function of the channel bit error rate (BER) and the RS symbol size. Since the basic recovery unit of RS codes is a symbol not a bit, the symbol size affects the WSN performance even if each packet carries the same amount of FEC check bits. The larger size is more effective to recover long-lasting error bursts although it increases the computational complexity of encoding and decoding RS codes. For applying the extended model to WSNs, this paper collects traffic traces from a WSN consisting of two TIP50CM sensor nodes and measures its energy consumption for processing RS codes. Based on traces, it approximates WSN channels with Gilbert models. The computational analyses confirm that the adoption of RS codes in 802.11 significantly improves its throughput and energy efficiency of WSNs with a high BER. They also predict that the choice of an appropriate RS symbol size causes a lot of difference in throughput and power waste over short-term durations while the symbol size rarely affects the long-term average of these metrics.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.292-297
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• 2003

The fundamental fluid mechanics associated with the rotation of a smooth plane disk enclosed within a cylindrical chamber have been studied experimentally. In order to acquire systematic information pertinent to this problem torque and friction loss data were obtained over a wide range of disk Reynolds numbers for axial clearance-disk radius ratio H/R from 0.025 to 0.2 and radial tip gap-disk radius ratio s/R from 0.021 to 0.105. Loss analysis of hard disk drive (HDD) is presented to describe the contribution of windage loss of a rotating disk. The minimum loss form factor of HDD can be obtained from this analysis at each operation conditions.

• 한국윤활학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국윤활학회 2001년도 제34회 추계학술대회 개최
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• pp.159-165
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• 2001

The fundamental fluid mechanics associated with the rotation of a smooth plane disk enclosed within a cylindrical chamber have been studied experimentally. In order to acquire systematic information pertinent to this problem torque and friction loss data were obtained over a wide range of disk Reynolds numbers for axial clearance-disk radius ratio H/R from 0.025 to 0.2 and radial tip gap-disk radius ratio s/R from 0.021 to 0.105. Loss analysis of hard disk drive(HDD) is presented to describe the contribution of windage loss of a rotating disk. The minimum loss from factor of HDD can be obtained from this analysis at each operation conditions.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.981-991
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to develop the pattern-making for Korean glove. To develop the pattern-making for glove this study comprehensive list of candidate hand data was reviewed and the manufacturers(career over th 15 years) were interviewed on the method of glove. The results of regression analysis(hand data) were as follows (unit: cm): wrist thumb tip length = middle finger length + 3.22, hand bread = 1.25 $\times$ middle finger length + 2.18, middle finger breadth at dist = 0.23 $\times$ index finger circumference + 0.4, maximum hand circumference = 3.15 $\times$ index finger circumference + 4.13, middle finger circumference = 0.91 $\times$ index finger circumference + 0.47, maximum hand thickness = 0.69 $\times$ index finger circumference -0.02. Hand measurements for glove pattern-making were developed: There were palmar hand length, hand circumference, index finger circumference and middle finger length.

• 대기
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.97-109
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• 2016

Heavy rainfall (over $80mm\;hr^{-1}$) system associated with unstable atmospheric conditions occurred over the Seoul metropolitan area on 27 July 2011. To investigate the heavy rainfall system, we used three-dimensional data from Korea Local Analysis and Prediction System (KLAPS) reanalysis data and analysed the structure of the precipitation system, kinematic characteristics, thermodynamic properties, and Meteorological condition. The existence of Upper-Level Jet (ULJ) and Low-Level Jet (LLJ) are accelerated the heavy rainfall. Convective cloud developed when a strong southwesterly LLJ and strong moisture convergence occurring around the time of the heavy rainfall is consistent with the results of previous studies on such continuous production. Environmental conditions included high equivalent potential temperature of over 355 K at low levels, and low equivalent potential temperature of under 330 K at middle levels, causing vertical instability. The tip of the band shaped precipitation system was made up of line-shaped convective systems (LSCSs) that caused flooding and landslides, and the LSCSs were continuously enhanced by merging between new cells and the pre-existing cell. Difference of wind direction between low and middle levels has also been considered an important factor favouring the occurrence of precipitation systems similar to LSCSs. Development of LSCs from the wind direction difference at heights of the severe precipitation occurrence area was also identified. This study can contribute to the identification of production and development mechanisms of heavy rainfall and can be used in applied research for prediction of severe weather.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.84-91
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• 2011

A finite element analysis for the wing and landing gear of a composite target-drone air vehicle was performed. For the wing analysis, two load cases were considered: a 5g symmetric pull-up and a -1.5g symmetric push-over. For the landing gear analysis, a sinking velocity of 1.4 m/s at a 2g level landing condition was taken into account. MSC/NASTRAN and LS-DYNA were utilized for the static and dynamic analyses, respectively. Finite element results were verified by the static test of a prototype wing under a 6g symmetric pull-up condition. The test showed a 17% larger wing tip deflection than the finite element analysis. This difference is believed to come from the material and geometrical imperfections incurred during the manufacturing process.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.387-396
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• 2019

This paper deals with the effect of ply orientation and control gain on tip transverse displacement of functionally graded beam layer for both active constrained layer damping (ACLD) and passive constrained layer damping (PCLD) system. The functionally graded beam is taken as host beam with a bonded viscoelastic layer in ACLD beam system. Piezoelectric fiber reinforced composite (PFRC) laminate is a constraining layer which acts as actuator through the velocity feedback control system. A finite element model has been developed to study actuation of the smart beam system. Fractional order derivative constitutive model is used for the viscoelastic constitutive equation. The control voltage required for ACLD treatment for various symmetric ply stacking sequences is highest in case of longitudinal orientation of fibers of PFRC laminate over other ply stacking sequences. Performance of symmetric and anti-symmetric ply laminates on damping characteristics has been investigated for smart beam system using time and frequency response plots. Symmetric and anti-symmetric ply laminates significantly reduce the amplitude of the vibration over the longitudinal orientation of fibers of PFRC laminate. The analysis reveals that the PFRC laminate can be used effectively for developing very light weight smart structures.