• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.616-620
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• 2013

Background Nasal tip support is an essential consideration for rhinoplasty in East Asians. There are many techniques to improve tip projection, and among them, the columellar strut is the most popular technique. However, the conventional design is less supportive for rotating the tip. The amount of harvestable septal cartilage is relatively small in East Asians. For an optimal outcome, we propose an L-shaped design for applying the columellar strut. Methods To evaluate the anthropometric outcomes, the change in nasal tip projection and the columella-labial angle were analyzed by comparing preoperative and postoperative photographs. The anthropometric study group consisted of 25 patients who underwent the same operative technique of an L-shaped strut graft using septal cartilage and were followed up for more than 9 months. Results There were statistically significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative values in the nasal tip projection ratio and columella-labial angle. We did not observe any complications directly related to the L-shaped columellar strut in the anthropometric study group. Conclusions The L-shaped columellar strut has advantages not only in the controlling of tip projection and rotation, but in that it needs a smaller amount of cartilage compared to the conventional septal extension graft. It can therefore be an alternative technique for nasal tip plasty when there is an insufficient amount of harvestable septal cartilage.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1201-1216
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• 2017

In this study, we described the development of a methodology to measure tip-pinch strength on the paretic hand rehabilitation device and aimed to investigate reliability of the device. FSR sensors were embedded on the device, and tip pinch strength was estimated with data collected from the sensors using a developed equation while participants were demonstrating tip pinch. Reliability tests included inter-rater, test-retest, and inter-instrument reliability. B&L Engineering pinch gauge was utilized for the comparison. Thirty-seven healthy students participated in the experiment. Both inter-rater and test-retest reliability were excellent as Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) were greater than 0.9 (p<0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in tip-pinch strengths. Inter-instrument reliability analysis confirmed good correlation between the two instruments (r = 0.88, p < 0.01). The findings of this study suggest that the two instruments are not interchangeable. However, the tip-pinch mechanism used in the paretic hand rehabilitation device is reliable that can be used to evaluate tip pinch strength in clinical environment and can provides a parameter that monitors changes in the hand functions.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2012

Probe tip, which should have not only superior electrical characteristics but also good abrasion resistance for numerous contacts with semiconductor pads to confirm their availability, is essential for MEMS probe card. To obtain good durability of probe tip, it needs thick and crack-free rhodium layer on the tip. However, when the rhodium thickness deposited by electroplating increased, unwanted cracks by high internal stress led to serious problem of MEMS probe tip. This article reported the method of thick Rh deposition with Au buffer layer on the probe tip to overcome the problem of high internal stress and studied mechanical and electrical properties of that. MEMS probe tip with double-Rh layer had good contact resistance and durability during long term touch downs.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.101-115
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• 2019

The pathogenesis of cerebral malaria is biologically complex and involves multi-factorial mechanisms such as microvascular congestion, immunopathology by the pro-inflammatory cytokine and endothelial dysfunction. Recent data have suggested that a pleiotropic T-cell immunomodulatory protein (TIP) could effectively mediate inflammatory cytokines of mammalian immune response against acute graft-versus-host disease in animal models. In this study, we identified a conserved homologue of TIP in Plasmodium berghei (PbTIP) as a membrane protein in Plasmodium asexual stage. Compared with PBS control group, the pathology of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in rPbTIP intravenous injection (i.v.) group was alleviated by the downregulation of pro-inflammatory responses, and rPbTIP i.v. group elicited an expansion of regulatory T-cell response. Therefore, rPbTIP i.v. group displayed less severe brain pathology and feverish mice in rPbTIP i.v. group died from ECM. This study suggested that PbTIP may be a novel promising target to alleviate the severity of ECM.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.102-110
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• 2008

Complementation assay of the urea uptake-defective yeast mutants led to the identification of the Arabidopsis AtTIP4;1 gene encoding the aquaporin. However, its physiological functions still remain elusive. In the present study, histochemical and genetic analyses were performed to understand the physiological roles of AtTIP4;1 in urea uptake. The AtTIP4;1 product was detectible in the roots, but not in the leaves, the stem, and the flower. Its promoter allowed the expression of the $\beta$-glucuronidase reporter gene in the roots and the apical meristem in Arabidopsis. The AtTIP4;1 products were induced under nitrogen-deficient conditions. To investigate the role of the tonoplast intrinsic protein in urea transport and developments, Arabidopsis with the loss- and the gain-of-function mutations by T-DNA insertion in AtTIP4;1 and 35S promoter-mediated overexpression of AtTIP4;1 were identified, respectively. The transfer DNA insertion and the AtTIP4;1-overexpressed plants showed normal growth and development under normal or abiotic stress growth conditions. The urea-uptake studies using $^{14}C$-labeled urea revealed higher accumulation of urea in the AtTIP4;1-overexpressed plants. These results provide evidence that overexpression of AtTIP4;1 leads to the increase in the urea-uptake rate in plants without detectable defects to the growth and development.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.94-103
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• 1993

This study deals with an investigation on the tip vortex generated by an elliptic wing with section shapes of NACA 0020. The flow structure on the wing surface is investigated by using tufts test as well as observing the cavitation pattern. The surface pressure on a foil surface is measured to complement the visualized flow field. Results show that a strong spanwise pressure gradient is a definite contributor on the formation of tip vorex, and the fluids from both sides contribute to the evolutionary process of tip vortex. On the other hand, a series of experiments are conducted to investigate the detailed structure of tip-vortex at various angles of attack. The tip-vortex formation and development are observed by producing a cavitation, and then by a laser sheet technique in conduction with a dye injection method. The shape of tip-vortex and the distance between a vortex core and the trailing vortex sheet are found to vary with the angle of attack. Overall features of tip flow are evaluated to complement the vortex model based on inviscid theory.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2013

In this study, using a tin chloride solution as the raw material, a nano-sized tin oxide powder with an average particle size below 50 nm is generated by a spray pyrolysis process. The properties of the tin oxide powder according to the nozzle tip size are examined. Along with an increase in the nozzle tip size from 1 mm to 5 mm, the generated particles that appear in the shape of droplets maintain an average particle size of 30 nm. When the nozzle tip size increases from 1 mm to 2 mm, the average size of the generated particles is around 80-100 nm, and the ratio of the independent particles with a compact surface structure increases significantly. When the nozzle tip size is at 3 mm, the majority of the generated particles maintain the droplet shape, the average size of the droplet-shaped particles increases remarkably compared to the cases of other nozzle tip sizes, and the particle size distribution also becomes extremely irregular. When the nozzle tip size is at 5 mm, the ratio of droplet-shaped particles decreases significantly and most of the generated particles are independent ones with incompact surface structures. Along with an increase in the nozzle tip size from 1 mm to 3 mm, the XRD peak intensity increases, whereas the specific surface area decreases greatly. When the nozzle tip size increases up to 5 mm, the XRD peak intensity decreases significantly, while the specific surface area increases remarkably.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.19-25
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• 2013

The effect of tip gap height on heat/mass transfer characteristics on the floor of cavity squealer tip has been investigated in a turbine cascade for power generation by employing the naphthalene sublimation technique. The squealer rim height is chosen to be an optimal one of $h_{st}/c$ = 5.51% for the tip gap height-to-chord ratios of h/c = 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0%. The results show that heat transfer on the cavity floor is strongly dependent upon the behavior of the cavity flow falling down onto the floor. For lower h/c, the floor heat transfer is influenced by the tip leakage flow falling down along the inner face of the suction-side squealer, whereas the floor heat transfer for higher h/c is augmented mainly due to the impingement of leakage flow on the floor near the leading edge. Compared to the plane tip surface heat transfer, the cavity floor heat transfer is less influenced by h/c. For h/c = 1.0%, the average thermal load is as low as a half of the plane tip surface one, and the difference in the thermal load between the two cases tends to decrease with increasing h/c.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.84-88
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• 2006

The effects of tip voltage, deflection setpoint, and tip velocity on height of $SiO_2$ line drawn by local anodization on Si wafer using scanning probe microscope were investigated. No local anodization was detected at smaller than -3 V of tip voltage. The line height increased at rate of 0.47 nm/V when the tip voltage is stronger than -3 V at $1{\mu}m/s$ tip velocity. From deflection setpoint, mechanical force between tip and substrate could be calculated and the threshold farce was $12\sim18nN$. The height of anodized $SiO_2$ lines is independent of the magnitude of force above the threshold force. The line height decreased as increasing the tip velocity and limited to 0.7 nm at -5 V tip voltage.

• KIEE International Transactions on Electrophysics and Applications
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• v.4C no.4
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• pp.149-154
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• 2004

This paper presents a silicon probe tip for vertical probe card application. The silicon probe tip was fabricated using MEMS technology such as porous silicon micromachining and deep- RIE (reactive ion etching). The thickness of the silicon epitaxial layers was 5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and 7 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, respectively. The width and length were 40 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and 600 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, respectively. The probe structure was a multilayered structure and was composed of Au/Ni-Cr/Si$_3$N$_4$/n-epi layers. The height of the curled probe tip was measured as a function of the annealing temperature and time. Resistance characteristics of the probe tip were measured using a touchdown test.