• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.219-228
• /
• 2012

Tintinnid species distribution has been monitored in the northern East China Sea (ECS) in the summer of 2006 through 2011. This is used to understand the water mass movements in the northern ECS. The warm oceanic tintinnid species had largely spread in 2007 in the area, indicating that there was greater warm water extension into the northern ECS. However the extension of neritic water within the Changjiang diluted water mass has strengthened in 2008 and 2010 because the neritic species distribution had relatively grown in both years. These annual results based on the biological indicators of tintinnid species are well matched with the salinity change in the area. The warm oceanic species, Dadayiella ganymedes had frequently occurred over the study years and had shown a significant relationship with the salinity change. This is valuable as a key stone species for monitoring the intrusion of the Kuroshio within the northern ECS. Information from tintinnid biological indicators can support physical oceanography data to confirm ambiguous water mass properties.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제17권9호
• /
• pp.322-328
• /
• 2016

본 연구는 열대 유종류인 Metacylis tropica의 최적배양조건을 구명하기 위해 5일 동안 수온, 염분 및 먹이원인 미세조류의 효과를 조사하였다. M. tropica는 작고 투명한 난형의 피갑을 가지며, 피갑의 구강부 지름, 갑장 및 갑폭의 크기는 각각 $36.7{\mu}m$, $49.5{\mu}m$ 및 $44.5{\mu}m$였다. 수온별 실험에서, M. tropica의 최고밀도와 성장률은 수온 $30^{\circ}C$에서 각각 340.7 cells/mL와 1.1/day로 나타났다. 낮은 염분은 M. tropica의 성장에 악영향을 미쳤으며 염분 33 ppt에서 최고밀도가 840 cells/mL로 나타났다. 먹이실험에서, 먹이로 Isochrysis galbana를 공급하였을 때, 가장 높은 성장을 보였다(배양밀도, 413 cells/mL; 성장률, 1.2/day). 본 실험을 종합하여보면, M. tropica는 rotifer에 비해 작은 크기를 가지기 때문에 자어기에 입이 작은 어류의 초기먹이생물로 적합하며, 수온 $30^{\circ}C$, 염분 33 ppt에서 I. galbana를 먹이로 공급하는 것이 M. tropica의 대량배양을 위한 최적배양조건인 것으로 판단된다.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 1999

Microzooplankton was analysed between $40^{\circ}s$ to $53^{\circ}s$S and $140^{\circ}E$ to $146^{\circ}E$ of the Sourthern Ocean from November 18 to November 30, 1995 to investigate the influence of frontal systems. The density and carbon biomass of microzooplankton were clearly associated with frontal systems, and at least 4 different communities were identified. The Subtropical Convergence Zone and Antarctic Polar Front Zone were the major biological boundaries recognized in the Southern Ocean. Ciliates predominated other microzooplankton in density and carbon biomass. Non-tintinnid ciliates occupied more than 70% of the total microzooplankton, and Laboea spp. was the major component of the non-tintinnid ciliates. The density and carbon biomass showed a decreasing tendency toward south from $40^{\circ}S$ to the $53^{\circ}S$ transect. The ecological importance of a frontal zone is confirmed by the microzooplanktonic data obtained from this study.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.230-236
• /
• 1987

적조의 다발해역으로 알려진 마산만 일대의 2개 정점에서 1981년 1월부터 1982년 12월까지 유종섬모충류와 와편모류의 현존량을 월별로 조사하여 이들 변동과 포식-피포식 상관관계를 조사하였다. 와편모류의 우점종은 주로 $20-60\;{\mu}m$의 크기로서 Gymnodinium, Prorocentrum 속 등이었으며, 특히 봄에서 여름에 걸쳐 대발생을 보였다. 한편 유종섬모충류는 Favella가 압도적으로 우점하였으며 이들은 같은 시기에 현존량의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 이들의 중상관분석의 결과로 Favella는 와편모류중 $40-60\;{\mu}m$크기의 종류들과 높은 정의 상관관계를 나타냈으며, Prorocentrum 등이 우점한 정점 1보다는 Gymnodinium, Protogonyaulax등 크기가 큰 종류들이 우점한 정점 2에서 더 높은 중상관관계를 보였다. 이로서 유종섬모충류와 와편모류간에는 크기 및 형태에 의한 먹이 선택성을 인정할 수 있었으며 이들은 연안역의 저차생산단계에서 포식${\cdot}$피포식 상관관계를 통하여 중요한 역할을 맡고 있다고 사료된다.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2024

Our study aimed to investigate the diversity of tintinnid species in Korea by collecting samples from coastal waters. As a result, we identified and redescribed three newly recorded species of the genus Tintinnopsis Stein, 1867 and one previously recorded species of the genus Antetintinnopsis Wang et al., 2021 in Korea. The loricae morphology and molecular phylogeny based on the 18S rDNA sequences of these four were analyzed. Tintinnopsis kiaochowensis Yin, 1956 is characterized by having an irregular collar with spiral turns and an obconical-shaped bowl. Tintinnopsis orientalis Kofoid and Campbell, 1929 is characterized by the inverted bell-shaped lorica with size of 121-140×86-94 ㎛. Tintinnopsis parvula Jörgensen, 1912 is characterized by its narrower collar than bowl and acute angle of the bowl (39-75°). The recorded species, Antetintinnopsis gracilis (Kofoid and Campbell, 1929) Wang et al., 2021 is characterized by a cylindrical collar narrower than the bowl width and with a size of 98-131×37-46 ㎛.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제50권1호
• /
• pp.92-97
• /
• 2017

The feeding habits of larval Engraulis japonicas (3.2-11.0 mm SL) were examined based on 414 individuals, collected in October 2010, and from June to September 2011, in the coastal waters of Eastern Jinhae Bay, Korea. E. japonicus, fed mainly on copepods 62.6% IRI and tintinnid were the second-largest dietary component. E. japonicus diet also included small quantities of rotifers, eggs and diatoms. The results of analysis of ontogenetic changes showed that E. japonicus of small size classes (${\leq}4mm$) fed primarily on tintinnids. The dietary percentage of copepods decreased, as fish size increased, and monogeneans became increasingly important as size class increased above 4-6 mm. The highest rate of daily feeding E. japonicusi took place during the day.

• Ocean Science Journal
• /
• 제42권1호
• /
• pp.9-17
• /
• 2007

The summer distributions of planktonic microbial communities (heterotrophic and phtosynthetic bacteria, phtosynthetic and heterotrophic nanoflagellates, ciliate plankton, and microphytoplankton) were compared between inner and outer areas of Lake Sihwa, divided by an artificial breakwater, located on the western coast of Korea, in September 2003. The semi-enclosed, inner area was characterized by hyposaline surface water (<17 psu), and by low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (avg. $0.4\;mg\;L^{-1}$) and high concentrations of inorganic nutrients (nitrogenous nutrients $>36\;{\mu}M$, phosphate $>4\;{\mu}M$) in the bottom layer. Higher densities of heterotrophic bacteria and nanoflagellates also occurred in the inner area than did in the outer area, while microphytoplankton (mainly diatoms) occurred abundantly in the outer area. A tiny tintinnid ciliate, Tintinnopsis nana, bloomed into more than $10^6\;cells\;L^{-1}$ at the surface layer of the inner area, while its abundance was much lower ($10^3-10^4\;cells\;L^{-1}$) in the outer area of the breakwater. Ciliate abundance was highly correlated with heterotrophic bacteria (r = 0.886, p < 0.001) and heterotrophic flagellates (r = 0.962, p < 0.001), indicating that rich food availability may have led to the T. nana bloom. These results suggest that the breakwater causes the eutrophic environment in artificial lakes with limited flushing of enriched water and develops into abundant bacteria, nanoflagellates, and ciliates.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.140-147
• /
• 2002

전북 새만금 해역에서 1998년에 처음으로 유해성 적조생물인 Cochlodinium polykrikoides/Gymnodinium impudicum이 우점하는 대규모 적조가 발생한 뒤 유해성 적조의 반복적인 발생에 대한 우려가 증폭되고 있으므로, 이 해역의 적조생물을 비롯한 식물플랑크톤 동향과 이에 영향을 줄 수 있는 상위포식자인 원생동물에 대한 연구가 절실히 필요한 시점이다. 이 해역에서의 원생동물의 시간적 변화에 대한 연구를 하기 위하여, 1999년 8월 10일부터 11월 11일까지 모두 5차례에 걸쳐 매번 4개 정점의 2-5개 수층에서 시료를 채집하였다. 원생동물인 종속영양성 와편모류와 섬모충류(ciliates)의 종조성과 풍도를 조사하고, 본 연구와 동시에 조사된 유해성 적조생물을 포함한 식물플랑크톤과의 상관관계를 연구하였다. 조사기간 중 종속영앙성 와편모류, 종피성 섬모충류 및 무피성 섬모충류의 출현 종 수와 풍도 모두 규조류가 우점한 시기에 최대값(풍도:종속영양성 와편모류는 11, 종피성 섬모충류는 10, 무피성 섬모충류는 12 cells $m\ell$$^{-1}$)을 기록한 반면, C. polykrikoides/G. impudicum가 우점하는 유해성 적조 발생 시기에는 낮은 값(풍도:종속영양성 와편모류는 1, 종피성 섬모충류는 0.5, 무피성 섬모충류는 2.4 cells $m\ell$$^{-1}$)을 나타냈다. 또한 규조류가 우점한 시기인 8월 10일과 11월 11일에 종피성 섬모충류와 무피성 섬모충류가 규조류와 비교적 높은 양의 상관관계를 나타내 이들이 규조류의 중요한 포식자로 작용했을 가능성이 높고, 동시에 규조류의 양적변화가 종피성 섬모충류와 무피성 섬모충류 풍도 변화에 큰 영향을 주었을 가능성이 높다. 독립-혼합영양성 와편모류가 우점한 9월 16일과 10월 18일에는 종속영양성 와편모류가 독립-혼합영양성 와편모류와 높은 상관관계를 나타냈는데, 10월 18일에 최고 우점종인 Noctiluca scintillans는 C. polykrikoides/G. impudicum의 유영속도가 현저히 떨어졌을 때 효과적으로 포식할 수 있는 능력을 가지고 있어, 당시에 운동성이 적은 C. polykrikoides/G. impudicum개체들의 포식자였을 가능성이 높다. 본 연구해역에서 조사된 종속영양성 와편모류, 종피성 섬모충류, 무피성 섬모충류의 최대풍도는 C. polykrikoides/G. impudicum이 우점하는 적조가 가장 먼저 연례적으로 발생하는 전남 고흥-여수 해역에서 1997년 8-9월 적조발생 전후에 조사된 최대풍도보다 상당히 낮게 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 연구해역의 우점 식물플랑크톤과 종속영양성 와편모류, 종피성 섬모충류, 무피성 섬모충류 간의 포식자-피식자 관계 규명을 위한 기초자료가 될 뿐 아니라, 나아가 서해안의 유해성 적조발생기작 연구에 있어서 원생동물성 포식자들의 역할 연구를 위한 유용한 자료로 활용될 것이다.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.285-308
• /
• 2017

Cochlodinium polykrikoides red tides have caused great economic losses in the aquaculture industry in many countries. To investigate the roles of metazooplankton in red tide dynamics of C. polykrikoides in the South Sea of Korea, the abundance of metazooplankton was measured at 60 stations over 1- or 2-week intervals from May to November 2014. In addition, the grazing impacts of dominant metazooplankton on red tide species and their potential heterotrophic protistan grazers were estimated by combining field data on the abundance of red tide species, heterotrophic protist grazers, and dominant metazooplankton with data obtained from the literature concerning ingestion rates of the grazers on red tide species and heterotrophic protists. The mean abundance of total metazooplankton at each sampling time during the study was 297-1,119 individuals $m^{-3}$. The abundance of total metazooplankton was significantly positively correlated with that of phototrophic dinoflagellates (p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with water temperature, salinity, and the abundance of diatoms, euglenophytes, cryptophytes, heterotrophic dinoflagellates, tintinnid ciliates, and naked ciliates (p > 0.1). Thus, dinoflagellate red tides may support high abundance of total metazooplankton. Copepods dominated metazooplankton assemblages at all sampling times except from Jul 11 to Aug 6 when cladocerans and hydrozoans dominated. The calculated maximum grazing coefficients attributable to calanoid copepods on C. polykrikoides and Prorocentrum spp. were 0.018 and $0.029d^{-1}$, respectively. Therefore, calanoid copepods may not control populations of C. polykrikoides or Prorocentrum spp. Furthermore, the maximum grazing coefficients attributable to calanoid copepods on the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Polykrikos spp. and Gyrodinium spp., which were grazers on C. polykrikoides and Prorocentrum spp., respectively, were 0.008 and $0.047d^{-1}$, respectively. Therefore, calanoid copepods may not reduce grazing impact by these heterotrophic dinoflagellate grazers on populations of the red tide dinoflagellates.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.199-222
• /
• 2017

Occurrence of Cochlodinium polykrikoides red tides have resulted in considerable economic losses in the aquaculture industry in many countries, and thus predicting the process of C. polykrikoides red tides is a critical step toward minimizing those losses. Models predicting red tide dynamics define mortality due to predation as one of the most important parameters. To investigate the roles of heterotrophic protists in red tide dynamics in the South Sea of Korea, the abundances of heterotrophic dinoflagellates (HTDs), tintinnid ciliates (TCs), and naked ciliates (NCs) were measured over one- or two-week intervals from May to Nov 2014. In addition, the grazing impacts of dominant heterotrophic protists on each red tide species were estimated by combining field data on red tide species abundances and dominant heterotrophic protist grazers with data obtained from the literature concerning ingestion rates of the grazers on red tide species. The abundances of HTDs, TCs, and NCs over the course of this study were high during or after red tides, with maximum abundances of 82, 49, and $35cells\;mL^{-1}$, respectively. In general, the dominant heterotrophic protists differed when different species caused red tides. The HTDs Polykrikos spp. and NCs were abundant during or after C. polykrikoides red tides. The mean and maximum calculated grazing coefficients of Polykrikos spp. and NCs on populations of co-occurring C. polykrikoides were $1.63d^{-1}$ and $12.92d^{-1}$, respectively. Moreover, during or after red tides dominated by the phototrophic dinoflagellates Prorocentrum donghaiense, Ceratium furca, and Alexandrium fraterculus, which formed serial red tides prior to the occurrence of C. polykrikoides red tides, the HTDs Gyrodinium spp., Polykrikos spp., and Gyrodinium spp., respectively were abundant. The maximum calculated grazing coefficients attributable to dominant heterotrophic protists on co-occurring P. donghaiense, C. furca, and A. fraterculus were 13.12, 4.13, and $2.00d^{-1}$, respectively. Thus, heterotrophic protists may sometimes have considerable potential grazing impacts on populations of these four red tide species in the study area.