• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2006

This study was conducted to select the optimum seed mixture for beef cattle (Hanwoo) grazing in middle mountain area at 450m from sea level during 2 years from October 1, 1999. Seed mixtures were composed of four different treatment according to main species such as orchardgrass (T1), perennial ryegrass (T2), timothy (T3) and Italian ryegrass (T4). Grass composition rate of different seed mixtures was decreased mostly at first year of grazing, like 44.9% of orchardgrass in T1 plot, 27.6% of perennial ryegrass in T2 plot, 40.9% of timothy in T3 plot and 40.7% of Italian ryegrass in T4 plot, respectively. Main species in seed mixture were decreased in grazing pasture, but kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue were increased in all plots. Italian ryegrass in T4 plot was well grown in early grown stage and inhibited the growth of other grass species, and 44.2% of Italian ryegrass was maintained in second year in the grazing plot. Average dry matter yields of first you showed 6,673 kg/ha and second year was 10,177 kg/ha. Average TDN yields of different seed mixtures were 6,399 kg/ha in T1, 7,769 kg/ha in T2, 4,383 kg/ha in T3 and 7,146 kg/ha in T4 plot. Average herbage dry matter intakes by different seed mixtures during 2 years were 5,937 kg/ha in T1, 6,375 kg/ha in T2, 4,925 kg/ha in T3 and 6,456 kg/ha in T4. This result indicated that perennial ryegrass would recommended in main species of Hanwoo grazing pasture.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 2009

The experiment was carried out from January through December in 2008 at Chungnam National University and the Unbong Animal Genetic Resources Station, NIAS. The experimental animals were twelve dairy goats (female, $30{\pm}1.8kg$), twelve Korean native Boats(female, $24{\pm}2.4kg$) and five sika deer(female, $92{\pm}5.2kg$). A total of 11 different types of hay and straw were tested in this study: such straw imported from USA in 2006 as annual ryegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass, and such hay imported from USA in 2007 as alfatfa, bermudagrass, timothy, kleingrass, oat and orchardgrass, and such domestic hay as mixed hay There were significant differences in chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) among the various types of imported hay and straw (p<0.05). Besides alfalfa hay and orchardpass hay all of the imported hay contained lower crude protein (CP) and IVDMD but contained higher neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) than the domestic hay. According to the kinds of the imported hay, relative feed value (RFV) made the difference and the hay grades were ranged from 4 to 5, based on the RFV. According to the kinds of the imported hay, there were markedly differences in dry matte. (DM) intake and palatability ranking among dairy goats, Korean native goats, and sika deer. DM intake and palatability ranking were high in common between orchardgrass hay and bermudagrass hay, but Kentucky bluegrass straw, tall fescue straw, perennial ryegrass straw and annual ryegrass straw were proved to be very low in DM intake and palatability ranking. In conclusion, the quality and palatability among the imported hay that was tested in the study were quite variable and lower than expected. It is required to establish a better feed evaluation system for the imported hay.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 2009

The experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2008. The experimental roughages include five sources and 25 species in all; grasses and legumes: 5 species (mixed grasses, orchardgrass, tall fescue, alfalfa, white clover), native grasses and weeds: 5 species (mixed native grasses, Miscanthus sinensis Anderss, Arundinella hirta (Thunb.) Tanaka, barnyard grass, short awn, forage crops and straw: 5 species (barley 4- hairy vetch, wheat 4- hairy vetch, rye silage, barley silage, baled rice straw), browse and fallen leaves: 5 species (mixed browse, oriental white oak browse, Quercus serrta Thunb., browse oriental cherry fallen leaves, Japanese chestnut fallen leaves), and imported hay and straw: 5 species (timothy hay, tail fescue straw, annual ryegrass straw, klinegrass hay, alfalfa hay). Ten dairy goats (Saanen) were selected which had nearly the same body weight (25kg). The experiment was carried out on the dairy goats farm at Geumsan-Cun in Chungnam province. The chemical composition and dry matter digestibility of each roughage source and species were significantly different at the sampling area, plant species, growth stages and cutting period. Among all the 25 species of roughages, the favorite intake species order by dairy goats was observed like this: mixed grasses, white clover, alfalfa and the lower intake species order was baled rice straw and rye silages. The dairy goats ate more roughages which had low fibrous contents, but high dry matter digestibility. On the other hand, compared to each roughage source, the goat's favorite roughage were grasses and legumes (34.6%) among the trial species. Based on the result, it is reconfirmed that the food habit of dairy goats seems to be closer to that of graters.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2016

This study was conducted to find out the effects of Improvement of Botanical Composition Technology (IBCT) on the forage production and ecological characteristics in a Rumex acetosella-dominated hilly pasture in Pyeongchang, in a period from August 2013 to the end of growing season in October 2015. $2MT\;ha^{-1}$ limestone was applied in August 2013 and April 2014. Liming significantly increased soil pH from 4.69 to 5.47 and then the soil pH consistently hovered at 4.91~4.98. For every grazing time, plant height was found to be higher with the application of IBCT as compared with the control. After grazing, no significant difference in plant height was found between the IBCT group and the control. Changes in the botanical composition of grassland can be affected by a lot of circumstances, but application of IBCT decreased Rumex acetosella from 12% to 2%, while also increasing the proportion of pasture. In relation to the botanical composition of grass, orchardgrass and timothy showed the highest percentages throughout the whole study period. The proportion of Kentucky bluegrass increased over time while tall fescue steadily decreased. The totals for grazing days were 58 in 2014 and 55 in 2015. Average herbage dry matter intake was $7,848kg\;ha^{-1}$ in 2014 and $6,941kg\;ha^{-1}$ in 2015. Due to the application of IBCT, dry matter productivity showed a significant increase of 59% during the first grazing period in 2014 (3,437 kg ha and 5,460 kg ha in control and IBCT). In 2015, the total dry matter yield of the IBCT group was 51% greater than the control ($5,742kg\;ha^{-1}$ and $8,685kg\;ha^{-1}$ in control and IBCT). Under acidic soil conditions, red sorrel can grow more strongly than grasses because it has better tolerance in dry and acidic conditions. Therefore, constant management is required in order to keep red sorrel from dominating the hilly pasture. In this study, the application of IBCT was able to effectively control weeds at all points. As a result, total management, including improvement of soil, overseeding, and application of selective herbicide and fertilizer, is needed to maintain excellent grassland conditions due to the limiting effects of environmental factors on grassland productivity.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.179-185
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• 1988

Present study was undertaken in order to evaluate the lead contents of various feedstuffs produced in Korea and the effect of the burning of gasoline by automobiles on the lead contents. Ninety-one samples near and 95 far road were collected from 9 regions(Do). All of the samples were washed, dry-ashed and analyzed for lead content using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The mean values obtained were checked for significance of difference using computer. The results obtained were summerized as follows: 1. The lead content in ${\mu}g/g$ of agriculture-byproducts were measured with the following mean values and ranges(in parentheses). Rice bran: $2.07{\pm}1.67$ (0-5.00), rice hull $1.84{\pm}1.18$ (0-3.71), rice straw, $1.27{\pm}1.09$ (0-3.62), soybean pod:$4.55{\pm}3.13$ ($1.13{\pm}10.43$), and wheat bran: $1.69{\pm}0.86$ (0-3.65). 2. The lead content in ${\mu}g/g$ of pasture plants were measured with the following mean values and ranges. Kudzu:$2.71{\pm}1.74$ ($0.38{\pm}8.75$), leed: $2.03{\pm}1.61$ (0-4.54), lespedeza:$4.73{\pm}5.93$ (0-31.25), sagebrush: $4.08{\pm}3.75$ (0-12.18), Korean-grass: $2.11{\pm}1.38$ (0-5.50), maizestalk: $2.62{\pm}2.35$ (0-8.65), clover: $3.83{\pm}2.97$ (0-12.19), alfalfa: $7.14{\pm}0.97$ (4.46-9.25), and timothy: $5.86{\pm}4.79$ (0-9.25). 3. Fourteen samples (22.2%) out of 63 agriculture-byproduct samples and 42 (34.2%) out of 123 pasture plant samples showed lead content of more than $3{\mu}g/g$ which are said to be the upper limit value for cattle. 4. No significant difference between the mean lead contents of near road, and those of far road was recorgnized. 5. The regional mean values for all kinds of samples collected in Kyungbuk and Kyungnam were significantly (p<0.05, p<0.10) higher compared to those in Chungnam and Jejudo.6. From these results it may be concluded that the burning of gasoline by automobiler did not affect on the lead contentes of washed feedstuffs produced in Korea at present.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2004

The environmental impact of nutrient waste from agriculture has become an area of concern as ways to produce more food and of offspring. In dairy cattle, as the genetic capacity for milk production has increased, decreased fertility has become a severe problem by feeding high dietary protein, resulting in high concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN). There are numerous reports on BUN which is associated with reduced conception rates and closely related to body condition score (BCS) in lactating cattle, but not in Korean native cattle. This study was therefore performed to investigate the relation of BUN to both BCS and conception rates in Korean cattle. A total of 400 female Korean cattle (2∼5 years) in Daewanryong were used for this experiment. Feeding condition divided into two groups depending on grazing and darn feeding period. In grazing period, the mixture of Timothy, Orchard grass and Tall fescue, and concentrates (2.5 kg/day) was fed whereas hay (6.5 kg/day) and corn silage (20 kg/day) were fed while barn feeding period. Average BUN concentration at grazing and barn feeding were 7.39$\pm$2.65 mg/㎗ and 12.36$\pm$2.92 mg/㎗, respectively. During grazing period, high rates of pregnancy showed at 4∼8 mg/㎗ BUN concentration. In barn feeding period, 66%, of cattle were in pregnant at 8∼l4 mg/㎗ BUN concentration. The BCS for obtaining high rate of pregnancy raged at 2.5∼3.5. However, BUN did not directly relate to BCS in Korean cattle.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.78-83
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• 1986

This experiment was carried out in order to study the effect of cutting time on the regrowth and the feed composition in native reed. The first growth crops cut in June, July and October and the ratoon crops after cutting cut in October. The samples measured the plant height, leaf blade & sheath-stem ratio, grass yield, feed composition and invitro dry matter digestibility. The results are summarized as follow: 1. As the result of the grass productivity and nutrient yield, it was indicated that suitable cutting time of the native reed was from middle of June to middle of July. The yield of dry matter and in vitro digestible dry matter were much more in the first crops than in the ratoon crops in both of non-fertilizer and fertilizer(P < 0.01), and more in the fertilizer than in non-fertilizer in both of the first and ratoon crops(P < 0.01). 2. The contents of feed composition in native reed of non-fertilizer and fertilizer showed different trends between the first and ratoon crops. In case of the first crops, the contents of C. protein and C.fat were higher in fertilizer than in non-fertilizer and the contents of C. fiber, NDF and ADF were lower in fertilizer than in non-fertilizer, but these contents were not significantly different between non-fertilizer and fertilizer. In the ratoon crops, these contents between non-fertilizer and fertilizer were shown in a opposite manner to those in the first crops.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1187-1193
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of halogenated compounds on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and methane emissions. A fistulated Holstein cow of 650 kg body weight was used as a donor of rumen fluid. Five kinds of halogenated compounds (bromochloromethane (BCM), 2-bromoethane sulfonic acid (BES), 3-bromopropanesulfonic acid (BPS), chloroform (CLF), and pyromellitic diimide (PMDI) known to inhibit methyl-coenzyme M reductase activity were added to an in vitro fermentation incubated with rumen fluid. The microbial population including bacteria, protozoa, and fungi were enumerated, and gas production including methane and fermentation characteristics were observed in vitro. The pH values ranged from 6.25 to 6.72 in all the treatments, and these showed a similar level at 48 hr. The total gas production in the treatments showed a similar pattern with C at 48 hr, whereas methane production in the treatments was lower (p<0.05) than C. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and propionic acid were higher (p<0.05) in the treatments than in C at 12 hr. Therefore, halogenated compounds (BCM, BES, BPS, CLF, and PMDI) inhibited in vitro methane emissions by inhibiting methanogens in the rumen. Further studies on safety are needed.