• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2008

Thermoforming is one of the most versatile and economical processes available for shaping polymer products, but obtaining a uniform thickness of the final product using this method is difficult. Heater power adjustment is very important because the thickness distribution depends strongly on the distribution of the sheet temperature. In this paper, the steady-state optimum distribution of heater power is first ascertained by a numerical optimization to obtain a uniform sheet temperature. The time-dependent optimal heater input is then determined to decrease the temperature difference through the direction of the thickness using the response surface method and the D-optimal method. The optimal results show that the time-dependent optimum heater power distribution gives an acceptable uniform sheet temperature in the forming temperature range by the end of the heating process.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.170-178
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• 2011

In general, a software fault detection phenonenon is described by a software reliability model based on a nonhomogeneous Poisson process(NHPP). In this paper, we propose a software reliability growth model considering the differences of the software environments in both the testing phase and the operational phase. Also, we consider the problem of determining the optimal release time and the optimal warranty period that minimize the total expected software cost which takes account of periodic software maintenance(e.g. patch, update, etc). Finally, we analyze the sensitivity of the optimal release time and warranty period based on the fault data observed in the actual testing process.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.131-141
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• 2008

고속도로에서의 지점검지체계로부터 수집 가공 처리된 과거 통행시간 이력자료를 이용한 통행시간 예측시, 사용되는 대표값과 과거 데이터량에 따라 예측의 정확성이 결정되나 이에 대한 체계적인 연구가 없는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 신뢰성 있는 통행시간 예측을 위해 통행시간 이력자료의 적정 대표간과 과거 데이터량을 결정하기 위한 방법론을 제시하였다. 과거 통행시간 이력자료의 적정 대표값은 예측오차의 평균이 가장 적은 대표값을 선정할 수 있으며, 적정 과거 데이터량은 비슷한 속성을 가진 과거 통행시간 이력자료의 개별간의 차이 또는 집단 간의 차이를 최소화하는 CVMSE(Cross Validated Mean Square Error)방법을 이용하여 결정할 수 있다. 한국도로공사의 고속도로 지점검지기 자료에 적용한 결과, 적절 대표값은 중앙값으로 분석되었으며, 통행시간 예측을 위한 적정 과거 데이터량은 60일로 분석되었다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제49권
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• pp.111-137
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• 2011

UCP 600 Article 14(b), providing rules for the period of the examination of documents, is a radical reorganization of UCP Article 13(b). The provision changes the period of time to a maximum of five banking days instead of reasonable time. One of the critical problems giving rise to the difficulty in interpretation and application is the question of fact that there may be two possible conflicting options in determining the time of checking documents presented. The one doctrine is fixed time(safe harbor) standard, and the other is hidden reasonableness standard. This study analyzes which option should be adopted for the optimal application standard by welfare effect methodology using consumer surplus approach and suggests that safe harbor standard should be optimal solution to the determination of period of examination of documents presented in letter of credit regime.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.5-29
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• 1995

Advanced Traveler Inoformation Systems*ATIS) , as a subsystem of ITS influence the travel choices of dreivers by providing them with historical, real-time and predictive information to supprot travel decisions and consequently improves the speed and quality of travel. For thesuccessul accomplishment of ATIS, the time-dependent variations of traffic in a road network and travel times of vehicles during their journey must be predicted . The purpose of this study is to evaluate the past developments in the dynamic route choice models and to apply the instantaneous dynamic user optimal route choice model. recently formulated with flow propagation constraints by Ran, Boyce and LeBlanc, to the real transportation network of Seocho-Ku in Seoul. As input data for this application, the time-dependent travel rates are estimated and the link travel time function is derived. The modelis validated from three view points : the efficiency of model itself the ability to predict traffic volume and travel time on links, and the optimal traffic control.

• Transactions on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 1999

One of the important challenges facing control engineers in developing automated machineryis to be able to monitor the machines using remote sensors. Observrs are often used to reconstruct the machine variables of interest. However, conventional observers are unalbe to observe the machine variables when the machine models, upon which the observers are based, have inputs that cannot be measured. Since this is often the case, the authors previsously developed a steady-state optimal state and input observer for time-invariant systems [1], this paper extends that work to time-variant systems. A recursive observer, similar to a Kalman-Bucy filter, is developed . This optimal observer minimizes the trace of the error variance for discrete , linear , time-variant, stochastic systems with unknown inputs.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2001년도 ICCAS
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• pp.38.5-38
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• 2001

In this paper, we propose new digital optimal control approach for controlling continuous-time nonlinear chaotic systems, which show very complex behavior and cannot be easily controlled by conventional control methods. Most real systems are represented as continuous-time system, whereas some control methods should be implemented under the condition of computer-based platforms, which are discrete-time systems. To achieve the control objective for chaotic systems successfully, the sampled-data controller, which considers the inter-sample behavior of the continuous-time systems effectively, should be needed. The proposed optimal controller is designed based on the linearized estimation model of chaotic systems. By the computer simulation, we show the control ...

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제32A권5호
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• pp.71-80
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• 1995

The usual approach for desinging a fast multiplier involves finding a way to quickly add up all the partial products, based on parital product recoding scheme and carry-save addition. This paper describes theoretical medels for area and time complexities of Multibit Reconding Paralle Multiplier (MRPM), which is a generalization of the modified Booth recoding scheme. Based on the proposed models, time performance, hardware requirements and area-time efficiency are analyzed in order to determine optimal recoding size for very large scale integration (VLSI) realization of the MRPM. Some simulation results show that the MRPM with large multiplier and multiplicand size has optimal area-time efficiency at the recoding size of 4-bit.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.115-124
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• 1998

Over- and under-application of pesticides to crops have recently become main concerns regarding the environment conservation, product cost and firmer's safety. Thus, a uniform and optimal application method of pesticides was needed. The objective of study was to evaluate flow compensating characteristics of a variable flow control system for a boom sprayer using a laboratory setup. At the most variable conditions, the control system was acceptable with the flowrate control strategy. However, the sprayer control system became unstably fluctuating at the long execution time with small tolerance because of the constant valve on-time. This problem was solved by employing a variable on-time control. The optimal values for the damping ratio and the execution time were 2 and 1.0 sec, respectively, with the tolerances less than 3%. The performance of the control system at the optimal conditions were the response time of 3.8sec and the absolute steady-state error of 0.5% with the stable RCV and ROS ( < 1.0).

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.191-199
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• 2019

In this paper, dissimilar friction welding were produced using 15 mm diameter solid bar in chrome molybedenum steel(SCM440) to stainless steel(STS316L) to investigate their mechanical properties. Consequently, optimal welding conditions were n=2000 rpm, HP=70 MPa, UP=140 MPa, HT=10 sec and UT=10 sec when the metal loss(Mo) is 8.6 mm. In addition, an acoustic emission technique was applied to evaluate the optimal friction welding condition. AE parameters including the cumulative count, amplitude and energy showed a various changes according to the friction condition. A continuous type waveforms and low frequency spectrum was presented in friction time. On the other hand, a burst type waveform and high frequency spectrum was exhibited in pressing time.