• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.139-155
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• 2012

Structural health monitoring systems are often installed on bridges to provide assessments of the need for structural maintenance and repair. Damage or deterioration may be detected by observation of changes in bridge characteristics evaluated from measured structural responses. However, construction materials such as concrete and steel cables exhibit certain time-dependent behaviour, which also results in changes in structural characteristics. If these are not accounted for properly, false alarms may arise. This paper proposes a systematic and efficient method to study the time-dependent effects on the dynamic properties of cable-stayed bridges. After establishing the finite element model of a cable-stayed bridge taking into account geometric nonlinearities and time-dependent behaviour, long-term time-dependent analysis is carried out by time integration. Then the dynamic properties of the bridge after a certain period can be obtained. The effects of time-dependent behaviour of construction materials on the dynamic properties of typical cable-stayed bridges are investigated in detail.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 2022

Tunneling in rocks having the time-dependent behavior, causes some difficulties like tunnel convergence and, as a result, pressure on concrete lining; and so instability on this structure. In this paper the time-dependent behaviour of squeezing phenomenon in a large cross section tunnel was investigated as a case study: Alborz tunnel. Then, time-dependent behaviour of Alborz tunnel was evaluated using FLAC2D based on the finite difference numerical method. A Burger-creep viscoelastic model was used in numerical analysis. Using numerical analysis, the long-time effect of squeezing on lining stability was simulated.This study is done for primary lining (for 2 years) and permanent lining (for 100 years), under squeezing situations. The response of lining is discussed base on Thrust Force-Bending Moment and Thrust Force-Shear Force diagrams analysing. The results determined the importance of consideration of time-dependent behaviour of tunnel that structural forces in concrete lining will grow in consider with time pass and after 70 years can cause instability in creepy rock masses section of tunnel. To show the importance of time-dependent behavior consideration of rocks, elastic and Mohr-Coulomb models are evaluated at the end.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2007년 가을학술발표회
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• pp.351-362
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• 2007

Predicted behaviour of a soft clay deposit in design stage is sometimes different from in-situ settlement and pore pressure measured during and after construction. In this paper, characteristics of settlement and pore pressure occurred in soft soil deposits were investigated briefly in order to get a better understanding of time-dependent viscoplastic behaviour and prevent geotechnical problems resulted from long-term settlement, differential settlement, etc.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.45-67
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• 2010

Composite steel-concrete structures are employed extensively in modern high rise buildings and bridges. This concept has achieved wide spread acceptance because it guarantees economic benefits attributable to reduced construction time and large improvements in stiffness. Even though the combination of steel and concrete enhances the strength and stiffness of composite beams, the time-dependent behaviour of concrete may weaken the strength of the shear connection. When the concrete loses its strength, it will transfer its stresses to the structural steel through the shear studs. This behaviour will reduce the strength of the composite member. This paper presents the development of an accurate finite element model using ABAQUS to study the behaviour of shear connectors in push tests incorporating the time-dependent behaviour of concrete. The structure is modelled using three-dimensional solid elements for the structural steel beam, shear connectors, concrete slab and profiled steel sheeting. Adequate care is taken in the modelling of the concrete behaviour when creep is taken into account owing to the change in the elastic modulus with respect to time. The finite element analyses indicated that the slip ductility, the strength and the stiffness of the composite member were all reduced with respect to time. The results of this paper will prove useful in the modelling of the overall composite beam behaviour. Further experiments to validate the models presented herein will be conducted and reported at a later stage.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2022

Time-dependent stress-strain behaviour significantly influences the compressibility characteristics of the clayey soil. In this paper, a series of oedometer tests were conducted in two loading patterns and investigated the time-dependent compressibility characteristics of Indian Montmorillonite Clay, also known as black cotton soil (BC) soil, during loading-unloading stages. The experimental data are analyzed using a new non-linear function of the Elasto-Visco-Plastic Model considering Swelling behaviour (EVPS model). From the experimental result, it is found that BC soil exhibits significant time-dependent behaviour during creep compared to the swelling stage. Pore water entrance restriction due to consolidated overburden pressure and decrease in cation hydrations are responsible factors. Apart from it, particle sliding is also evident during creep. The time-dependent parameters like strain limit, creep coefficient and C_αe/C_c are observed to be significant during the loading stage than the swelling stage. The relationship between creep coefficients and applied stresses is found to be nonlinear. The creep coefficient increases significantly up to 630 kPa-760 kPa (during reloading), and beyond it, the creep coefficient decreases continuously. Several parameters like loading duration, the magnitude of applied stress, loading history, and loading path have also influenced secondary compressibility characteristics. The time-dependent compressibility characteristics of BC soil are presented and discussed in detail.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.279-295
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• 2014

A series of one-dimensional consolidation tests and triaxial creep tests were performed on Nansha clays, which are interactive marine and terrestrial deposits, to investigate their time-dependent behaviour. Based on experimental observations of oedometer tests, normally consolidated soils exhibit larger secondary compression than overconsolidated soils; the secondary consolidation coefficient ($C_{\alpha}$) generally gets the maximum value as load approaches the preconsolidation pressure. The postsurcharge secondary consolidation coefficient ($C_{\alpha}$') is significantly less than $C_{\alpha}$. The observed secondary compression behaviour is consistent with the $C_{\alpha}/C_c$ concept, regardless of surcharging. The $C_{\alpha}/C_c$ ratio is a constant that is applicable to the recompression and compression ranges. Compared with the stage-loading test, the single-loading oedometer test can evaluate the entire process of secondary compression; $C_{\alpha}$ varies significantly with time and is larger than the $C_{\alpha}$ obtained from the stage-loading test. Based on experimental observations of triaxial creep tests, the creep for the drained state differs from the creep for the undrained state. The behaviour can be predicted by a characteristic relationship among axial strain rate, deviator stress level and time.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 1990

This paper describes the results of study on major factors influencing time-dependent deformation behaviour of swelling shales. The study was carried out by analyzing all the swell test results available for shales from southern Ontario. Major factors studied are (1) the presence of ambient water, (2) calcite content and (3) the applied stress. The results of the study on seven shales show that the swelling of shale is associated with the formation of cracks and the absorption of water in these cracks. The magnitude of swelling potential is related linearly to the amount of absorbed water. The presence of calcite inhibits the swelling of shales studied, reducing the swelling to zero at about 30% of calcite content. All the shales studied exhibit the stress-dependent swelling behaviour, though there Is a difference in the degree of dependency.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1990년도 PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST KOREA-JAPAN JOINT GEOTECHNICAL SEMINAR ON EXCAVATION and TUNNELING IN URBAN AREAS
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• pp.35-50
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• 1990

This paper describes the importance of incorporating the titre-dependent deformation behaviour in the design and construction of tunnels in swelling rocks. Two tunnel projects, in which authors got involved in Canada, are chosen to demonstrate the importance. In diversion tunnels for Oldman River Dan Projects time-dependent deformation characteristics of the mudrocks obtained from teat tunnel program were neglected in the design and construction of the tunnels and several sectional of concrete lining in tunnels were cracked extensively. In SABNGS No.3 Projects an extensive experimental program was carried out to study time-dependent deformation behaviour of highly swelling Queenston shale, with the air of establishing the constitutional relationship for the rock-structure time interaction analysis.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.297-313
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• 2023

This paper deals with delamination analysis of non-linear viscoelastic multilayered beam subjected to bending in the plane of the layers. For this purpose, first, a non-linear viscoelastic model is presented. In order to take into account the non-linear viscoelastic behaviour, a non-linear spring and a non-linear dashpot are assembled in series with a linear spring connected in parallel to a linear dashpot. The behaviours of the non-linear spring and dashpot are described by applying non-linear stress-strain and stress-rate of strain relationships, respectively. The constitutive law of the model is derived. Due to the non-linear spring and dashpot, the constitutive law is non-linear. This law is used for describing the time-dependent mechanical behaviour of the beam under consideration. The material properties involved in the constitutive law vary along the beam length due to the continuous material inhomogeneity of the layers. Solution of the strain energy release rate for the delamination is obtained by analyzing the balance of the energy with considering of the non-linear viscoelastic behaviour. The strain energy release rate is found also by using the complementary strain energy for verification. A parametric study is carried-out by using the solution obtained. The solutions derived and the results obtained help to understand the time-dependent delamination of non-linear viscoelastic beams under loading in the plane of layers.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.57-77
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• 1989

본고는 팽장성 암석들의 시간의존적변형의 측정을 위한 실험장치와 실험고과에 관해서 설명한다. 새로운 실험장치들은 개선된 일축벽축하의 팽난시험, 일축 인장하의 인창시험과 이축 응력하의 팽 복시험을 위해서 제작하였다. 본 실험장치들은 암반파착시 지반에 작용하는 단순화된 헌력상태하에 있는 암반의 시간의존적 변형을 제 수직방향에서 측정한다. 지난 몇년간에 걸쳐서 얻은 실험결과에 의하면 본 실험장치들은 세공적으로 작동하는 것으로 나타났다. 실험결과로 보면, 퀸스톤 체일(Queenston shale)의 자유변형조건하에서의 시간의존적 변형 거동은 층리면과 수직인 방향에서는 층리면과 평행인 방향에서보다 약간 더 많은 역접이 일어나는 이방성적 거동을 보인다. 한 방향에 응력을 받을 때에는 응력이 작용하는 방향은 물론 그와 수직되는 방향의 역장성변형이 억제된다.