• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 2013

Carbon dioxide emission estimation methods consist of four tiers according to the IPCC guideline. In this study, estimated results by tier 3 and tier 4 were compared with the theoretically calculated $CO_2$ emissions based on the mass balance approach for a gas fired power plant between March and May 2011. It was found that the relative differences were upto 17% between the measured emissions by tier 4 and theoretically estimated emissions, while the results of tier 3 were similar to those from theoretically estimated ones. The comparisons suggested the possibility of misestimation due to replacing missing, abnormal, or invalid data in continuous emissions monitoring system. When using only the data without those missing, abnormal, or invalid data, the relative differences decreased somewhat but still showed consistent differences depending on the stack. It is suggested that this differences might be due to the accuracy of the measurement instruments for the tier 4, especially, for the flow rate measurement instrument.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.161-174
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• 2014

The methodology report '2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories' shows higher tier method can be a good practice, which uses country-specific or plant-specific data when calculating greenhouse gas emissions by country. We review the methodology report to present principles of using plant-level data and also examine examples of using plant-level data in chemical and metal industry in 20 countries for the purpose of quality improvement of national greenhouse gas inventories. We propose that Korea consider utilizing plant-level data, as reported according to 'Greenhouse gas and Energy Target Management Scheme', in the following order as a preference. First, the data can be utilized for quality control of Korea's own parameters, when Tier 2 method is adopted and bottom-up approach is not applicable. Second, both plant-level data and IPCC default data can be used together, combining Tier 1 method with Tier 3 method. Third, we can also use acquired plant-level data and country specific parameters, combining Tier 2 method with Tier 3 method. Fourth, if the plant-level data involves all categories of emissions and the data is proven to be representative, we can apply Tier 3 method. In this case, we still need to examine the data to check its reliability by a consistent framework, including appropriate quality control.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 2017

In this research, we have developed standardized procedures for preparing of emission inventories on military sector. The procedures are as follows; 1) Identify all relevant emission sources list of military sector in Republic of Korea. 2) Select methods to estimate GHGs emissions by source categories such as heating boilers, tactical vehicles, military vessels and military aviation from US EPA, IPCC, EEA/EMEP, and ROK Ministry of Environment. 3) Identify and select data sources for activities and parameters from Korea annual oil statistics and Korea Procurement system. 4) Compare with each GHGs emission used by each activities. The conclusive results utilized by emission source categories and associated factors are described as follows; In 2013, GHGs was estimated 2,656 kilotons $CO_2-eq$ emitted by military sector. The diesel combustion contributed from a minimum of 43.8% to a maximum of 50.2% and JP-8 contributed from a minimum of 43.7% to a maximum of 52.8% to the 2001~2015 GHGs emission trend. In the result of comparing GHGs emissions with Korea Annual Oil Statistics (Tier 1) and supplied fuel through the Korea Procurement System (Tier 2) in 2015, the total GHGs emission was 2,867 kilotons $CO_2-eq$ estimated by Tier 2 is similar to the emission estimated by Tier 1. However, this reveals that the GHGs emission separated by local areas were a lot of different from Tier 1 and 2. The cause of difference between Tier 1 and Tier 2 was that Korea annual oil statistics utilized data from a fuel supplier. The data does not reflect the reality of the location of end user.

• 월간낙농육우
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.118-122
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• 2010

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.421-428
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• 2006

In this paper, the way of remote installation and back-up of 3-tier structure is introduced for efficient utilizing the cluster system resources distributed at several places. Recently, cluster system is constructed as the system of over hundreds nodes under complex network system mixed with public networks and private networks. Therefore, the as installation method suitable for the large scale cluster system and the remote recovery of failure nodes are important. However the previous researches which are based on 2-tier architecture may not provide the efficient cluster installation and image back-up method when the network of cluster system is composed of several private networks and public networks. In this paper, RISE (Remote Installation Service and Environment) based on the 3-tier architecture is proposed to solve this problem. In our approach, the managing node's role is divided into the global master node (GRISE) and the local master node (LRISE) to provide the efficient initial system deployment and remote failure recovery of distributed cluster system under the various network systems. Also, LRISE's availability is ensured under the complex network environments by adopting the auto-synchronization mechanism between GRISE and LRISE. In this work, a 64-node cluster system with gigabit network system is utilized for the experiment. From the experimental result, the system image with 1.86GB data can be obtained in 5 minutes and 53 seconds and the image-based installation of 64-node system can be carried out in 17 minutes and 53 seconds.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.307-312
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• 2013

This paper aims to design and realize movie reservation system with EJB 3.1 lightweight container architecture. N-Tier enterprise architecture to resolve the problem with benefits to support the new architecture is a lightweight container architecture. This architecture, such as the EJB, but not heavy, to provide all of the architecture is possible. The lightweight container architecture is most often used in business EJB 3.1 is well-known architecture. Therefore, this research has the N-tier enterprise architecture to solve the advantages and disadvantages developed to support the latest EJB 3.1 architecture based on the design and implementation of a movie reservation system.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.4063-4086
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• 2016

Cloud computing is a robust technology, which facilitate to resolve many parallel distributed computing issues in the modern Big Data environment. Hadoop is an ecosystem, which process large data-sets in distributed computing environment. The HDFS is a filesystem of Hadoop, which process data blocks to the cluster nodes. The data block placement has become a bottleneck to overall performance in a Hadoop cluster. The current placement policy assumes that, all Datanodes have equal computing capacity to process data blocks. This computing capacity includes availability of same storage media and same processing performances of a node. As a result, Hadoop cluster performance gets effected with unbalanced workloads, inefficient storage-tier, network traffic congestion and HDFS integrity issues. This paper proposes a storage-tier-aware Robust Data Placement (RDP) scheme, which systematically resolves unbalanced workloads, reduces network congestion to an optimal state, utilizes storage-tier in a useful manner and minimizes the HDFS integrity issues. The experimental results show that the proposed approach reduced unbalanced workload issue to 72%. Moreover, the presented approach resolve storage-tier compatibility problem to 81% by predicting storage for block jobs and improved overall data block placement by 78% through pre-calculated computing capacity allocations and execution of map files over respective Namenode and Datanodes.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1367-1374
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• 2015

In this paper, we propose a model which can prioritize the performance improvement work by analyzing the major risks and their influence, which can cause performance degradation in the system and show an example of a performance improvement using this model. In presentation-tier, as a result of log data analysis before and after the performance improvement of key processes which handle financial transactions, this model brought the CPU utilization and memory enhancement in the performance improvement work of the financial system which was carried out by applying the proposed model. It has been confirmed that the entire end-user can be accommodated. In the web-tier, the available memory increased by 200MB and we were able to improve the server restart(Recycling) that was sustained in the existing system. In the business logic-tier, we have been able to see better figures after performance improvements through the graph which analyzes the log collected with the key performance counters such as CPU%, Batch Requests/sec. In the data-tier, it has been confirmed that CPU usage and standby operation were reduced and the throughput was found to increase.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Industry Society
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.421-426
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• 2006

Because the 3-Tier structure cia share a business logic, the reuse of existing code could be guaranteed Al so tiny and little client application in charge of user interface can he made that it doesn't need plenty of client memory and calculation capability. Catering system that capable of meal material code management autom atic production of requiring quantity, purchase and shipping management menu management, account management was developed for grafting 3-Tire structure technology using database language and ADO(ActiveX Dat a Object). This system improved production in field of school lunch program and saved o(poises. finally, this system is suitable to the service environment of school lunch program and lots of utilizations would be anticipated.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.209-213
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• 2013

This paper aims to design and realize mobile webapp ticket reservation system based smartphone with N-tier mobile webapp framework. In mobile framework, presentation-tier utilizes HTML5/CSS3 and Sencha Touch, middle-tier consists of spring framework and MyBatis, database-tier using oracle possible to apply enterprise services mobile webbapp offices. In this study, mobile framework deploy and configuration management without the support of the app in N-tier that does not need to be considered in the smartphone-based mobile webapp ticket reservation system analysis and design, and then implementation.