• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.405-415
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to compare greenhouse gas emissions from road transportation by calculation methods (Tier 1, Teir 2, and Tier 3). Tier 1 based on 2006 IPCC guidelines default emission factor and amount of fuel consumption. The Tier 2 approach is the same as Tier 1 except that country-specific carbon contents of the fuel sold in road transport are used. Tier 2 based on emission factor of guidelines for local government greenhouse gas inventories (Korea Environment Corporation), the fuel consumption per one vehicle, and the registered motor vehicles. The Tier 3 approach requires detailed, country-specific data to generate activity-based emission factors for vehicle subcategories (National Institute of Environmental Research) and may involve national models. Tier 3 calculates emissions by multiplying emission factors by vehicle activity levels (e.g., VKT) for each vehicle subcategory and possible road type. VKT was estimated by using GIS road map and traffic volume of the section. The GHG average emission rate by the Tier 1 was 728,857 $tonCO_2eq$/yr, while Tier 2 and Tier 3 were 864,757 $tonCO_2eq$/yr and 661,710 $tonCO_2eq$/yr, respectively. Tier 3 was underestimated by 10.1 and 20.7 percent for the GHG emission observed by Tier 1 and Tier 2, respectively. Based on this study, we conclude that Tier 2 is reasonable GHG emissions than Tier 1 or Tier 3. But, further study is still needed to accurate GHG emission from Tier 3 method by expanding the traffic survey area and developing the model of local road traffic.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2010

Recently, the operation of construction equipments have increased by many construction project. So a respectable amount of greenhouse gas is expected from construction equipments. But the greenhouse gas emissions from construction equipment have been high uncertainty due investigation of a lack of activity data and emission factors in Korea. In this study, annual greenhouse gas emissions from construction equipment are estimated by IPCC's Tier 2 and Tier 3 method. These methods require emission factors, fuel consumption, average kilowatts and operating hours. As the results, the nationwide emission from construction equipments by Tier 2 and Tier 3 are calculated as $21,784kton-CO_2eq/year$ and $22,811kton-CO_2eq/year$ in 2008.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.153-163
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among factors that expand the win-win growth between domestic finished goods-making manufacturers and subcontractors. One-hundred twenty six firms participated for this study and were used for the data analysis. As a result of analysis, first, it was found that the win-win growth between first-tier suppliers and second-tier suppliers has positive effects on the win-win growth made by second-tier suppliers helping the third-tier suppliers. Second, it was found that the win-win growth policies supported by the government for the positive relationship between first-tier suppliers and second-tier suppliers for the finished goods-making manufacturers have positive effects on the win-win growth between second-tier suppliers and third-tier suppliers. Third, the results also showed that the win-win growth between second-tier suppliers and third-tier suppliers has a positive influence both on the financial and on the non-financial performances of the second-tier suppliers. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to (1) construct infrastructure by sector through partnership between finished goods-making manufacturers and subcontractors, (2) draw in active support through the governmental win-win growth policies, (3) induce increasing productivities through information sharing, manpower support, technical support and educational support, and (4) strengthen and cultivate the culture of the small- and medium-sized companies.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.73-81
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• 2003

The construction industry has been experiencing a major challenge in its work force, 'the shortage of skilled craft workers.' This problem has been caused by several factors such as the poor image of the construction industry, lack of training and education, unclear career path, declining wages, and changing work force demographics. A 'step-change' approach called the 'Two-Tier Work Force Strategy' has been proposed by the Center for Construction Industry Studies (CCIS) to deal with the work force related issues in a radical way. It is composed of two separate strategies, Tier I and II. The Tier I strategy uses less skilled and task trained craft workers, and has a larger administrative site management team than the Tier II strategy. The Tier II strategy utilizes fewer, better-educated, and higher skilled workers who perform some lower-management functions in addition to craft functions. They are paid more, but produce more through higher skills, stay on the job longer through multi-skilling, and deliver improved project performance in safety, quality, schedule, and cost The Two-Tier Work Force Strategy has the potential to resolve the current work force problems and foster a better work force environment in the future.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.266-272
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• 2012

Multilingual support of software is necessary for entering global market. 3-tier architecture is a solution for problems of 2-tier architecture. It divides an application into a client-tier and an application-tier, and presentation logic and database are connected by middleware. The advantage of 3-tier architecture is the enhanced performance through load balancing, scalability, easier maintenance and reusability. This paper proposes a multilingual support method that utilizes common resource files for 3-tier enterprise softwares, applies the proposed method to development of multilingual version of billing solution, and verify the usefulness of it. It is easy for development and maintenance of software, the addition of language supported. Proposed method holds a resource file for each language and provides a multilingual support class library. Therefore this method reduces a waste of memory and disk space. Deployment of a class library into an application tier makes development and maintenance of software, the addition of new language supported easy. To avoid inappropriate modification of a resource file, a multilingual support class library is provided in a dll file.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.143-169
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• 2000

This chapter presents an overview of Korean intonational structure and proposes a revised version of K -ToBI (Korean TOnes and Break Indices), a prosodic transcription convention for Seoul Korean. In the new version of K-ToBI, a tone tier is separated into two tiers: a phonological tone tier and a phonetic tone tier. A phonological tone tier labels tones marking the prosodic structure of an utterance, and a phonetic tone tier labels individual tones of an AP and an IP conforming to the surface pitch contour. Labelling surface tonal patterns will provide us data to test the underlying tonal patterns and to build phonetic implementation rules.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.1428-1431
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• 1997

This paper presents an efficient fault diagnosis methodology for lare chemical processes. The methodology is based on a two-tier strategy, When a falt occurs in a process, a top tier identifies the sector (process part or unit) that may contain the fault(s). Afterwards, a bottom tier or lower level evaluates the suspicious sector. The process modeling methodology based on functionality-behavior relations of process units, is proposed and utilized in the top-tier. This methodology models a target process as sequences of functions and variables and their relations. In the bottom tier, each sector has a dedicated diagostic module, which is tailored to the available information or models of the sector. For the sectors selected in the top-tier diagnosis, each diagnostic module is executed to identify the actual faults within the sector. Teh utility of the methodology is illustrated in the diagnosis of the CSTR with heat exchanger.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.87-89
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• 1999

인터넷과 웹 환경이 발달함에 따라 다양한 종류의 웹 응용프로그램들이 개발되고 있다. 최근에 개발되고 있는 웹 기반의 데이터베이스 시스템은 웹 데이터베이스 액세스를 위한 클라이언트 프로그램의 설치 없이 웹 브라우저만으로 데이터베이스를 액세스할 수 있는 장점을 갖고 있다. 기존의 많은 웹 기반 데이터베이스 시스템들은 클라이언트/서버의 2-Tier 구조를 가진다. 그러나 2-Tier 구조는 사용자 수의 증가에 따라 데이터베이스가 존재하는 서버에 과부하가 발생할 수 있다는 단점이 있다. 본 논문은 2-Tier 구조의 문제점을 해결하기 위한 3-Tier 구조의 웹 데이터베이스를 제시한다. 3-Tier 구조는 클라이언트 시스템과 서버 시스템간에 데이터베이스에 관련된 트랜잭션(transaction)처리와 사용자 관리를 위한 중간 시스템이 존재하는 구조이다. 3-Tier 구조는 사용자가 데이터베이스를 액세스할 때 중간시스템을 거쳐 서버로 연결되도록 함으로써 2-Tier 구조에서 발생할 수 있는 서버 과부하를 해결한다.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.265-270
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• 2014

This study in coping with the current trend is to propose the environment for training 3-Tier App development being focused on the system to develop mobile applications where its related developers are scarce. Design and implementation of training system for the development of 3-Tier App in this paper is to realize the environment for software development for colleges as same as that in IT companies. For 3-Tier App development training system, 3 students with 3 computers work as a group. The above-mentioned 3 computers include a computer for development, Gateway server, and DB server together with legacy system. Also, each of the 3 students shall be given roles of the foregoing sections. We have educated 3-Tier App training system as a practical class for 64 students in junior students of computer information major. Through training session, it was confirmed that we can foster the students as custom-made talents who understand company's development environment. Also, the Comparison of 3-Tier and Stand-alone App Development Training System for 10 distinct description, we know that 3-Tier app development training system was very superior to stand-alone app development training system in the educational effects.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.219-228
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• 2014

Objectives: The major objective of this study was to develop a tier 2 exposure model combining tier 1 exposure model estimates and worker monitoring data and suggesting narrower exposure ranges than tier 1 results. Methods: Bayesian statistics were used to develop a tier 2 exposure model as was done for the European Union (EU) tier 2 exposure models, for example Advanced REACH Tools (ART) and Stoffenmanager. Bayesian statistics required a prior and data to calculate the posterior results. In this model, tier 1 estimated serving as a prior and worker exposure monitoring data at the worksite of interest were entered as data. The calculation of Bayesian statistics requires integration over a range, which were performed using a Riemann sum algorithm. From the calculated exposure estimates, 95% range was extracted. These algorithm have been realized on Excel spreadsheet for convenience and easy access. Some fail-proof features such as locking the spreadsheet were added in order to prevent errors or miscalculations derived from careless usage of the file. Results: The tier 2 exposure model was successfully built on a separate Excel spreadsheet in the same file containing tier 1 exposure model. To utilize the model, exposure range needs to be estimated from tier 1 model and worker monitoring data, at least one input are required. Conclusions: The developed tier 2 exposure model can help industrial hygienists obtain a narrow range of worker exposure level to a chemical by reflecting a certain set of job characteristics.