• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.98-110
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• 1998

$Ti_{52}Al_{48}$ and $(Ti_{52}Al_{48})_{100-x}B_x(x=0.5, 2, 5)$ alloys have been Produced by mechanical milling in an attritor mill using prealloyed powders. Microstructure of binary $Ti_{52}Al_{48}$ powders consists of grains of hexagonal phase whose structure is very close to $Ti_2Al$. $(Ti_{52}Al_{48})_{95}B_5$ powders contains TiB2 in addition to matrix grains of hexagonal phase. The grain sizes in the as-milled powders of both alloys are nanocrystalline. The mechanically alloyed powders were consolidated by vacuum hot pressing (VHP) at 100$0^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours, resulting in a material which is fully dense. Microstructure of consolidated binary alloy consists of $\gamma$-TiAl phase with dispersions of $Ti_2AlN$ and $A1_2O_3$ phases located along the grain boundaries. Binary alloy shows a significant coarsening in grain and dispersoid sizes. On the other hand, microstructure of B containing alloy consists of $\gamma$-TiAl grains with fine dispersions of $TiB_2$ within the grains and shows the minimal coarsening during annealing. The vacuum hot pressed billets were subjected to various heat treatments, and the mechanical properties were measured by compression testing at room temperature. Mechanically alloyed materials show much better combinations of strength and fracture strain compared with the ingot-cast TiAl, indicating the effectiveness of mechanical alloying in improving the mechanical properties.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.213-221
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• 1992

Al$_{2}$O$_{3}$ ceramic coating layer by gas flame spraying was very porous, therefore it could not have wear and corrosion resistance at all. To get a dense and strong coating layer, a method to infiltrate an alloy into the pores of $Al_{2}$O$_{3}$ ceramic coating was investigated. Cu-Ti alloys, which had good wettability and reactivity with $Al_{2}$O$_{3}$ ceramic, were examined for infiltration. Infiltration of the alloys was performed in vacuum at 1100.deg.C. The melt of Cu-50 at % Ti alloy was well penetrated through the porous $Al_{2}$O$_{3}$ coating and tightly sealed the pores, unbounded area and microcracks in the coating. The alloy melt in the pores reacted with $Al_{2}$O$_{3}$ ceramic to produce a suboxide phase, Cu$_{2}$Ti$_{4}$O. This composite layer which was composed of $Al_{2}$O$_{3}$ and Cu$_{2}$Ti$_{4}$O phase had good microstructure and wear and corrosion resistance. Additionally, microstructures at interfaces between coating layers were greatly improved owing to the effect of vacuum heat treating.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.84-90
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• 2015

티타늄 합금은 고온 추진체의 부품에 사용될 경우, 고온의 화염에서 순간적으로 노출될 수 있음으로, 고온의 화염하에서의 내산화특성을 평가할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 Ti64 합금 (Ti-6%Al-4%V) 및 코팅된 Ti64 합금을 고온화염하에서 산화손상 및 내산화 특성을 평가하고자 하였다. Ti64 합금의 코팅은 알루미늄 확산코팅법을 사용하여 코팅을 수행하였다. 표면에 알루미나이드층이 코팅되지 않은 Ti64 합금은 고온의 화염 노출시에 표면 박리현상이 발생하였으나, 코팅된 시험편은 표면박리현상이 나타나지 않았고 알루미나이드 층의 산화물 생성으로 인하여 표면이 보호됨을 관찰할 수 있었다. 화염노출시 코팅층의 역할을 고찰하기 위하여 코팅층을 분석하였으며, 조직의 변화를 고찰하고 논의하였다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.20-29
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• 2018

Ti and its alloys show the excellent corrosion resistance to chloride environments, but they show less corrosion resistance in HCl, $H_2SO_4$, NaOH, $H_3PO_4$, and especially HF environments at high temperature and concentration. In this study, we used the commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy, and evaluated the effect of the manufacturing process on the electrochemical properties. We used commercial products of rolled and forged materials, and made additive manufactured materials by DMT (Directed Metal Tooling) method. We annealed each specimen at $760^{\circ}C$ for one hour and then air cooled. We performed anodic polarization test, AC impedance measurement, and Mott-Schottky plot to evaluate the electrochemical properties. Despite of the difference of its microstructure of CP-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloys by the manufacturing process, the anodic polarization behavior was similar in 20% sulfuric acid. However, the addition of 0.1% hydrofluoric acid degraded the electrochemical properties. Among three kinds of the manufacturing process, the electrochemical properties of additive manufactured CP-Ti, and Ti-6Al-4V alloys were the lowest. It is noted that the test materials showed a Warburg impedance in HF acid environments.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.211-217
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• 2004

The oxidation behaviors of Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy and Ti-6Al-4V alloy were studied in dry air atmosphere. Specimens were melted in consumable vacuum arc furnace and homogenized at $1050^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. Hot rolling was performed at $1000^{\circ}C$. Specimens of the alloys were oxidized as the temperature range $400~650^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. The oxidation behavior of the alloys was analysed by optical microscope, SEM/EDX, XRD, XPS and TGA. Immersion test was performed in 1% Lactic acid. In the microscope observation, oxide layer of Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy was denser and thinner than Ti-6Al-4V's. The weight gains during the oxidation rapidly increased at the temperature above $600^{\circ}C$ in Ti-6Al-4V's alloy and$ 700^{\circ}C$ in Ti-10Ta-10Nb alloy. According to XRD results, oxide layers were composed of mostly $TiO_2$(rutile) phase. It was analysed that the passive film of the Ti alloys consisted of $TiO_2$ through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analysis.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.223-230
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• 2002

Pure titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy have been mainly used as implant materials but the cytotoxicity of V, neurotoxicity of Al resulting in Alzheimer disease had been reported. This paper was described the influence of composition of Ti-Nb alloys with 3 wt%Nb, 20 wt%Nb on the microstructure and corrosion resistance. Specimens of Ti alloys were melted in vacuum arc furnace and homogenized at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 24hr. The alloys were rolled in $\beta$ and ${\alpha}+{\beta}$ regions. The corrosion resistance of Ti alloys were evaluated by potentiodymic polarization test in 0.9% NaCl and 5% HCl solutions. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The microstructure was transformed from $\alpha$ phase to ${\alpha}+{\beta}$ phase by adding Nb 2. The hardness of Ti-20Nb alloy was greater than Cp- Ti, Ti-3Nb alloy. 3. The corrosion resistance of Ti-20Nb alloy was better than that of Cp-Ti, Ti-3Nb alloy in 0.9%NaCl and 5%HCl solutions.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2015년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.303-303
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• 2015

In order to investigate ion release and biocompatibility of Ti-6Al-4V dental alloy by electrochemical corrosion test and MTT assay, commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy rod (99.99% Ti, USA, Co) were used in the study. The microstructure of the alloys was examined by optical microscopy (OM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), MTT assay, and corrosion test. From the polarization curves, very low current densities were obtained for Ti-6Al-4V alloys, indicating a formation of stable passive layer.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.24-32
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• 2001

Recently, iron aluminides based on Fe3Al and FeAl are ordered intermetallic alloys that offer good oxidation resistance, excellent sulfidation resistance, and potentially lower cost than many high-temperature structural materials. They have better strength, elasticity to weight ratio and high temperature strength, therefore, they can be cosidered as candidate heat resistance structural materials for automobiles, ships, airplanes and spaceships applications. The changes in the mechanical properties and fracture behavior were investigated for Fe-30at.%Al-5at.%Cr alloys when Ti, Hf and Zr were added respectively. For mechanical properties such as Rockwell hardness and yield strength at room temperature, those were decreased in the case of Fe-30at.%Al-5at.%Cr alloy then increased in the case of 5at.% and 10at.% addition of Ti alone. However, Rockwell hardness and yield strength decreased again at 15%Ti then increased dramatically due to the precipitation hardening of the second phase on the specimen at 20%Ti. For fracture modes, cleavage fracture showed in the case of Fe-30at.%Al and Fe-30at.%Al-5at.%Cr alloys. As the amount of Ti addition changed cleavage to transgranular fracture and to quasi-cleavage fracture at 20%Ti. When Hf, Zr and Hf+Zr were added respectively, transgranular, cleavage and quasi-cleavage fracture were coexisted.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.245-254
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• 2021

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is being considered as a technology to replace the conventional manufacturing process of titanium alloys. However, coarse β grains, which can extend through several deposited materials, result in strong textures and anisotropy. As a solution, we study the plastic deformation effects of ultrasonic needle peening (UNP) on the microstructure. UNP treated materials deform plastically and the dislocation density increases. Fine α+α' grains with low aspect ratio are observed in the UNP treated specimens. UNP treated WAAM Ti-6Al-4V alloys have higher strength and lower elongation than those characteristics of WAAM Ti-6Al-4V alloys. Due to UNP treatment, the z-axis directional specimens exhibit a greater effect of reducing elongation than do the x-axis directional specimens. The UNP treatment produces fine grains in proportion to the number of times UNP is performed, thereby increasing strength. UNP processes produce a large number of dislocations in the WAAM Ti-6Al-4V alloys, with the most dislocations being formed at the surface.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 1999년도 춘계학술발표회 초록집
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• pp.5-5
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• 1999

A novel process is proposed to improve oxidation resistance of Ti-Al intermetallic compounds at elevated temperatures by both Cr addition and pre-sulfidation, where TiAl alloys withlor without Cr addition were sulfidized at 1173K for 86.4ks at a 1.3 Pa sulfur partial pressure in a $H_2-H_2S$ gas mixture. The pre-sulfidation treatment formed a thin Cr-Al alloy layer as well as 7~10 micrometer $TiAl_3$ and $TiAl_2$ layer, due to selective sulfidation of Ti. Oxidation resistance of the pre-sulfidation processed TiAl 4Cr alloy was examined under isothermal and heat cycle conditions between room temperature and 1173K in air. Changes in $TiAl_3$ into $TiAl_2$ and then TiAl phases as well as their effect on oxidation behavior were investigated and compared with the oxidation behavior of the TiAl-4Cr alloy as TiAl and pre-sulfidation processed TiAl aHoys. After oxidation for up to 2.7Ms a protective $Al_2O_3$ scale was formed, and the pre-formed $TiAl_3$ changed into $TiAl_2$ and the $Al_2Cr$ phase changed into a CrAlTi phase between the $Al_2O_3$ scale and $TiAl_2$ layer. The pre-sulfidation processed TiAl-4Cr alloy had very good oxidation resistance for longer times, up to 2.7 Ms, in contrast to those observed for the pre-sulfidation processed TiAl alloy where localized oxidation occurred after 81 Oks and both the TiAl and TiAl-4Cr alloys themselves corroded rapidly from the initial stage of oxidation