• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.499-504
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• 2000

Recently there have been many investigations on the synthesis and properties of transition metal trialuminides based on Ti, Zr, V, Nb and Ta for use aircraft structure materials in an elevated environment. The effect of Zr additions on the formation behaviour of Al-Nb alloy was investigated. Al-1.3at.%(Nb+Zr) alloys with different Nb to Zr atomic 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1 were prepared by mechanical alloying(MA). The morphological changes and microstructural evolution of Al-Nb-Zr powders during MA were investigated by SEM, XRD and TEM. The intermetallic compound phase of $Nb_2Al\; and\; Al_3Zr_4$ was identified by X-ray diffraction. The intemetallic compound of $Al_3Zr,\; Al_3Nb$ and $Al_3Zr_4$ were formed by heat treatment for 1 hour at $500^{\circ}C$. The size of intermetallic compounds observed by TEM were approximately below 100nm, when they were heat treated after mechanically alloying for 30 hours.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.76-76
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• 2009

PZT세라믹스는 높은 압전특성과 우수한 큐리온도($400^{\circ}C$)를 보유하고 있어 오래시간에 걸쳐 주목받고 있다. 현재 압전변압기, 액츄에이터, 센서등의 압전소자는 PZT를 이용하여 제작하고 있지만 PZT는 고온 소결시 PbO의 휘발이 환경오염을 초래하며 인체의 유해하다는 연구결과가 나왔다. 이에 최근에는 PbO가 포함 되지않은 무연(lead-free)계 압전세라믹스가 주목받고 있다. 무연 압전 세라믹스의 종류로는 Bi-layer-structured ceramics, Bi-perovskite type ceramics, NKN base ceramics 가 존재하고 있다. 그 중 $(Na_{0.5}K_{0.5})NbO_3(NKN)$ 세라믹스는 높은 큐리온도와($400^{\circ}C$)와 높은 전기기계 결합계수(약 36%)를 보유하고 있어 많은 연구가 이루어 지고 있다. 하지만 NKN은 PZT에 비하여 치밀성이 낮으며 일반적인 산화물 소결방법으로는 밀도를 높이기가 어려운 단점이 존재한다. 이를 개선하기 위한 방법으로 hot pressing와 spak plasma sintering, RTGG와 같은 방법으로 밀도를 높일수 있지만 비용이 많이 들어 일반적으로 사용이 어렵다. 다른 방법으로 NKN에 첨가물을 넣는 방법을 사용하고 있는데 방법으로 $LiNbO_3$, $LiTiO_3$, $LiSbO_5$를 첨가하여 개선하는 방법이 있다. 본 실험은 첨가물을 넣는 방식으로 비화학양론적 $(Na_{0.5}K_{0.5})_{0.97}(Nb_{0.9}Ta_{0.1})O_3(NKNT)$조성에 CuO를 mol%로 변화주어 유전 및 압전 특성을 조사하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.925-930
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• 2003

The dielectric polarizability-related factors contributing to the $\tau$$_{\varepsilon}$ have been analysed in terms of dielectric permittivity $\varepsilon$, Tolerance Factor (TF), and octahedron tilt angles in (1-x)CaTi $O_3$-x[A(B', B″) $O_3$] (A=Ca, La, Li, B'=Al, Fe, Mg, B″=Nb, Ta) and (S $r_{0.2}$C $a_{0.8}$)( $Ti_{1-x}$ Z $r_{x}$) $O_3$. All the compounds have the orthorhombic Pbnm structure except the end members A(B', B″) $O_3$ and the solid solutions of x$\geq$0.8. The additional dipole field effect is suggested as a dominant factor contributing to $\tau$$_{\varepsilon}$ in CaTi $O_3$-based ceramics having relatively large $\varepsilon$, which has not been generally considered in the previous reports dealing with the $\tau$$_{\varepsilon}$. This study has been focussed on delineating the dipole field effect on the $\tau$$_{\varepsilon}$ in comparison to the octahedron tilt effect in CaTi $O_3$-based ceramics.cs..cs.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.43 no.11 s.294
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• pp.680-687
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• 2006

An overview is given to optimize the solid state processes toward phase pure and well-crystallized fine particulates of mixed oxides, serving as electroceramic materials in various genres. Elevation of the reactivity and preservation of stoichiometry of the starting mixture are of universal importance. Mechanical activation is versatile for these purposes, particularly when an oxygen atom as a hinge promotes formation of hetero-bridging bonds between dissimilar cationic species prior to calcination. Case studies carried out recently in the author's laboratory are displayed and compared for ferroelectric materials, i.e. $PbMg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3}O_3$ $xPbTiO_3$(PMN-PT), $(1-y)Pb(Zn_xMg{1-x})_{1/3}$ $yNb_{2/3}O_3$ (PZN-PMN), $BaBi_2Ta_2O_9$ (BBT), $Ba(Mg_{1/3}Ta_{2/3})O_3$ (BMT), and ferromagnetics, i.e. M-, Y-, and Z-phases of Ba-hexaferrites.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.102-102
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• 2011

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.69-79
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• 2009

Major and trace elements were analyzed in three core sediments to investigate geochemical characteristics of East Sea sediments and provenance changes during late Quaternary in Ulleung Basin. Comparing with Yellow and South Sea sediments, contents of major elements were generally similar while contents of trace elements were significantly different. Furthermore, within this basin, there were some variabilities in trace element compositions. In the western slope sediments (WS), Mo was enriched over 6 times as much as other sites. On the other hand, Zr, Nb, Hf and Ta were enriched in basin sediments (Basin), and Ca and Cs were enriched in southern slope sediments (SS). After excluding elements derived from biogenic, authigenic and diagenetic origins, the lithogenic elements (K, Ti, Cs, Zr, Nb, Hf and Ta) could be classified into three groups from the comparison of element/Al ratios among cores. The first group consisted of elements (K and Ti) that showed the nearly similar element/Al ratios among three cores. The second group contained Cs which showed significant difference between two slope sediments. The third group elements (Zr, Nb, Hf and Ta) showed highly enriched in basin relative to both slope areas. The depth profiles of metal/Al ratios in basin sediments provided the following interpretation for the compositions of sediment and their variation. From 10,000 yr B.P. to 7,000 yr B.P. two lithogenic components (volcanic ashes and western slope sediments) were mixed and deposited in the basin. After 7,000 yr B.P., however, southern slope sediments were mixed with volcanic ashes and deposited in basin area. This event of source change is nearly close to inflow period of the Tsushima Warm Current to Ulleung Basin. Thus, it might be suggested that element geochemistry in Ulleung basin sediment indicate the change of current system in the study area.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.395-406
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• 1997

Some RE (Zr, Nb, REE) ore deposits are located in the middle part of the Korean peninsula. Geotectonically, the RE ore deposits situated on the Kyemyeongsan Formation of northern margin of the Okcheon geosynclinal belt and in the transitional zone between Kyeonggi massif and Okcheon belt. The rare metal deposits distributed in Kyemyeongsan Formation which consists of schist and alkaline granite. The alkali granite has suffered extensive post-magmatic metasomatism and hydrothermal processes. The ore contains mainly Ce-La, Ta-Nb, Y, Y-Nb, Ti-Nb-(U), Nd-Th group minerals. Fergusonite, one of Nb-Y rich REE minerals belonging to the A-B oxides, is most common mineral in the rare metal deposits. The fergusonite bearing rocks may be devided into four types by occurrence features and mineral association, that is, zircon type, allanite vein, feldspar type, and fluorite type. Fergusonites show wide variations in optical properties, due to part of differences in their chemical composition (depending on the types), but also the degree of crystalinity of the individual specimens. Fergusonite metamicts enclosed in biotite are generally surrounded by well developed pleochroic haloes. Usually, fergusonite is accompanied with zircon and other REE-bearing minerals. Petrographical and chemical data are presented for fergusonites which collected different types. $Nb_2O_3$ and $Y_2O_3$ contents range from 48.51 to 53.01 wt.% and 29.18 to 42.02 wt.% respectively. Also, $ThO_2$, (1.83~6.93), $UO_2$, (0.17~2.84), ${\sum}RE_2O_3$ (except to Y) (1.11~8.73), and $TiO_2$, (0.19~1.19 wt.%) contents show variational compositions according to fergusonite types. The ${\sum}RE_2O_3$ of fergusonites are positive relation with $Y_2O_3$ and negative relaton with $ThO_2$ and $({\sum}{RE_2O_3}-{Y_2O_3})$. The $Nb_2O_3$ is sightly negative relation with $Ta_2O_3$. Back-scattered electron microscope images (BEI) of fergusonite show the mineral composition and textural feature is very complicated. The variation of Nb, Th and REE content of fergusonite and the modes of occurrence of mineral, suggests that REE may have been mobilized during the circulation of hydrothermal fluids related to contact metamorphism (metasomatism). The chemical variation of the fergusonites with occurrences and mineral association can be related to metasomatism of alkaline fluid was probably the dominant ore-forming process in Chungju district.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.331-339
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• 2007

Titanium or titanium alloy is a widely used implant material according to its certified biocompatibility, sufficient strength and ready availability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative biocompatibility of titanium and titanium alloy specimens (Ti-29Nb-13Ta, TiNb and Ti-6Al-4V, Ti64) using in vivo and in vitro methods. For in vivo experiment, the specimens were implanted in the abdominal subcutaneous region of female mice for 2 and 4 weeks. The reaction of connective tissue to specimens was evaluated histologically. The specimens were encapsulated by fibrous connective tissue consisting of fibroblast, fibrocyte and other cells including neutrophil, macrophage, giant multinucleated cell and unidentified cells. Some newly formed blood vessels were located in the fibrous capsule surrounding the implant. Cell types and the thickness of fibrous capsules were examined quantitatively. Most of cell types located in the fibrous capsule were fibroblasts and fibrocytes. The average thickness of fibrous capsules for the TiNb specimens was much thinner than that of the titanium alloy, Ti64. The thickness of the fibrous capsule around all titanium specimens decreased at 4 weeks compared to 2 weeks post-implantation. The biocompatibility of titanium and titanium alloy specimens were also investigated in in vitro method using alkaline phosphatase from MG-63 cells. Alkaline phosphatase activity of the TiNb specimen showed higher activity than the titanium alloy, Ti64. In conclusion, the TiNb alloy with thin capsule thickness in vivo and high alkaline phosphatase activity in vitro will be of considerable use in biomedical applications.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.132-132
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• 2001

옥천변성대의 충주-황강리 지역내 앰피볼라이트의 기원암은 염기성 화성암으로 쏠레이아이트 계열의 변이질암에 속한다. Fe $O^{*}$/MgO값의 변화에 대하여 분별작용에 의해 영향을 받는 주성분 원소와 미량원소들의 변화를 보게되면 Ti $O_2$, Fe $O^{*}$와 불호정성 원소(incompatible element)인 Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, Th 등은 분별작용동안 증가하는 반면 호정성 원소(compatible element)인 MgO, $Al_2$ $O_3$, Ni, Cr 등은 감소하는 경향을 보여주고 있다. Fe $O^{*}$/MgO, Ti $O_2$ 그리고 Fe $O^{*}$는 심해성 쏠레이아이트 영역으로부터 분화된 경향을 나타내 주고 있다. Ni, Cr은 Fe $O^{*}$/MgO값의 증가에 따라 급속히 감소하며 안정한 대륙과 해저화산의 영역에 도시되고 있으며 칼크-알칼리(CA)와는 관계가 없고 쏠레이아이트의 영역에서 변화 패턴을 보여주어 앰피볼라이트가 활동적인 대륙연변부의 지구조 환경보다는 안정한 대륙이나 해저화산과 관계가 더 있음을 시사한다. 경휘토류 원소(LREE)는 중휘토류 원소(HREE)에 비해 더욱 부화된 특성을 띠고 원자번호가 증가하면서 표준화된 휘토류 원소패턴의 경사가 점차 감소하는 경향을 보여주고 있다. 대부분의 시료들은 큰 Eu이상치를 갖고 있지 않아 마그마 정출 과정동안 사장석의 분별작용이 거의 수반되지 않았음을 지시하고 전체적인 휘토류 원소의 패턴은 거의 평행하게 나타나므로 기원 마그마가 유사함을 의미하고 있다. 비유동성 원소를 이용한 여러 판별도표들을 통해서 본암은 대륙성 현무암질암으로서 판내부 환경에서 유래되었으며 대륙내부 열곡의 알칼리 현무암과 대륙성 현무암 영역에 속하는 것으로 보아서 대륙지각내 열곡작용과 같은 장력운동에 수반되어 생성된 것임을 시사해 주고 있다. 앰피볼라이트의 지각혼성화를 평가하기 위해 이에 필요한 몇 개의 지화학적 매개변수를 계산한 결과 La/Ta, La/Nb, Nb/Th들의 값이 오염 안된 마그마의 값을 지시해 주어 본암이 지각혼성화 작용을 받지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 대부분의 시료들은 P-타입 MORB의 영역에 속하며 소수의 시료가 T-타입 MORB의 영역에 도시되고 있어 본 앰피볼라이트의 생성에는 양적으로 다른 두 가지의 유사한 마그마가 수반된 것으로 추정된다. 것으로 추정된다.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.195-214
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• 2020

The Samgwang Au-Ag deposit has been one of the largest deposits in Korea. The deposit consists of eight lens-shaped quartz veins which filled fractures along fault zones in Precambrian metasedimentary rock, which feature suggest that it is an orogenic-type deposit. The Ti-bearing minerals occur in wallrock (titanite, ilmenite and rutile) and laminated quartz vein (rutile). They occur minerals including biotite, muscovite, chlorite, white mica, monazite, zircon, apatite in wallrock and white mica, chlorite, arsenopyrite in laminated quartz vein. Chemical composition of titanite has maximum vaules of 3.94 wt.% (Al₂O₃), 0.49 wt.% (FeO), 0.52 wt.% (Nb₂O₅), 0.46 wt.% (Y₂O₃) and 0.43 wt.% (V₂O₅). Titanite with 0.06~0.14 (Fe/Al ratio) and 0.06~0.15 (X_Al (=Al/Al+Fe³⁺+Ti)) corresponds with metamorphic origin and low-Al variety. Chemical composition of ilmenite has maximum values of 0.07 wt.% (ZrO₂), 0.12 wt.% (HfO₂), 0.26 wt.% (Nb₂O₅), 0.04 wt.% (Sb₂O₅), 0.13 wt.% (Ta₂O₅), 2.62 wt.% (As₂O₅), 0.29 wt.% (V₂O₅), 0.12 wt.% (Al₂O₃) and 1.59 wt.% (ZnO). Chemical composition of rutile in wallrock and laminated quartz vein has maximum values of 0.35 wt.%, 0.65 wt.% (HfO₂), 2.52 wt.%, 0.19 wt.% (WO₃), 1.28 wt.%, 1.71 wt.% (Nb₂O₃), 0.03 wt.%, 0.07 wt.% (Sb₂O₃), 0.28 wt.%, 0.21 wt.% (As₂O₅), 0.68 wt.%, 0.70 wt.% (V₂O₃), 0.48 wt.%, 0.59 wt.% (Cr₂O₃), 0.70 wt.%, 1.90 wt.% (Al₂O₃) and 4.76 wt.%, 3.17 wt.% (FeO), respectively. Rutile in laminated quartz vein is higher contents (HfO₂, Nb₂O₃, As₂O₅, Cr₂O₃, Al₂O₃ and FeO) and lower content (WO₃) than rutile in wallrock. The substitutions of rutile in wallrock and laminated quatz vein are as followed : rutile in wallrock [(Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Cr³⁺) + Hf⁴⁺ + (W⁵⁺, As⁵⁺, Nb⁵⁺) ⟵⟶ 2Ti⁴⁺ + V⁴⁺, 2Fe²⁺ + (Al³⁺, Cr³⁺) + Hf⁴⁺ + (W⁵⁺, As⁵⁺, Nb⁵⁺) ⟵⟶ 2Ti⁴⁺ + 2V⁴⁺], rutile in laminated quartz vein [(Fe³⁺, Al³⁺) + As⁵⁺ ⟵⟶ Ti⁴⁺ + V⁴⁺, (Fe³⁺, Al³⁺) + As⁵⁺ ⟵⟶ Ti⁴⁺ + Hf⁴⁺, 4(Fe³⁺, Al³⁺) ⟵⟶ Ti⁴⁺ + (W⁵⁺, Nb⁵⁺) + Cr³⁺], respectively. Based on these data, titanite, ilmenite and rutile in wallrock were formed by resolution and reconcentration of cations (W⁵⁺, Nb⁵⁺, As⁵⁺, Hf⁴⁺, V⁴⁺, Cr³⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Fe²⁺) in minerals of wallrock during regional metamorphism. And then rutile in laminated quartz vein was formed by reconcentration of cations (Nb⁵⁺, As⁵⁺, Hf⁴⁺, Cr³⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Fe²⁺) in alteration minerals (white mica, chlorite) and Ti-bearing minerals reaction between hydrothermal fluid originated during ductile shear and Ti-bearing minerals (titanite, ilmenite and rutile) in wallrock.