• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.16-23
• /
• 1997

Although normal thyroid epithelial cells do not constitutively express HLA-DR antigen, their expression in wide spread within thyroid glands obtained from the human with autoimmune thyroid disease and with many neoplastic thyroids. We have, therefore, studied immunohistochemically with regard to the expression of HLA-DR antigen of thyroidectomy specimens from 50 patients of various thyroid diseases with use of paraffin-embedded tissue. One or two sections from each case were stained with commercially available mouse monoclonal antibody for class II HLA-DR antigen(HLA-DR/Alpha, DAKO) and examined by semiquantitative counting system for thyrocytes, neoplastic thyrocytes and other cells expressing HLA-DR antigen. All patients with lymphocytic thyroiditis(2/2) and diffuse hyperplasia(Graves' disease)(5/5), most patients with Hashimoto's disease(9/ll) expressed HLA-DR antigens in thyrocyte with abundant HLA-DR expressing lymphocytic infiltrates with lymph follicle formation in its vicinity or adjacent to the lesion. Most patients with papillary carcinoma(9/1l) had HLA-DR antigen detected in malignant thyrocytes ; while follicular carcinoma(0/3) and follicular adenoma(0/5) did not have detactable HLA-DR immunoreactivity. Adenomatous goiter(3/7) had HLA-DR antigen detected focally in lesser than half cases. Conversely, in four papillary carcinomas and three adenomatous goiters, HLA-DR expression of thyrocytes was found in the absence of HLA-DR expressing lymphoid infiltrates. In such cases therefore other factors more than thyroid autoimmunity must be causative for HLA-DR immunoreactivity. The results of this study indicate as follows. 1) The expression of HLA-DR on thyrocytes involved in autoimmune reactions appeared to be secondary to cytokine release from associated lymphocytic infiltrates. 2) Thyrocytes in thyroid lesions with equal degrees of lymphocytic infiltration without HLA­DR expression exhibited no HLA-DR immunoreactivity. 3) In neoplastic thyrocytes, most papillary carcinoma(9/11) exhibited detactable HLA-DR expression, while follicular carcinoma/adenoma(0/3/0/5) exhibited no detactable HLA-DR immunoreactivity which suggest the existence of divergent mechanisms inducing and modulating HLA-DR expression of different types of neoplastic thyrocytes.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.33-36
• /
• 2018

Hyalinizing trabecular tumor (HTT) of the thyroid gland is a rare neoplasm and only less than 100 cases have been reported so far. It is characterized by hyalinizing stroma with trabecular growth pattern and has an indolent clinical course. Because of its histologic features, it is frequently misdiagnosed as papillary or medullary carcinoma in fine needle aspiration cytologic findings. The tumor is benign or low malignant potential and thyroid lobectomy is recommended for adequate treatment. We recently experienced a case of thyroidal HTT in a 57-year-old man, who presented with a right thyroid nodule that was suspicious of papillary carcinoma in aspiration cytology. We report the unique and rare disease entity with brief literature review.

• Genomics & Informatics
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.68-75
• /
• 2013

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) belongs to the most malignant and rapidly progressive human thyroid cancers and its prognosis is very poor. Also, it shows high resistance to cancer treatments, so that effective treatment for ATC has not been found to date, and virtually all patients terminate their life rapidly after diagnosis. Although targeted treatment of genetic alterations has emerged as an extremely promising approach to human cancers, such as BRAF in metastatic melanoma, it remains unclear that how commonly genomic alterations are influenced in ATC tumorigenesis. In recent years, genome wide approaches have been exploited to find genetic alterations associated with complex diseases, including cancer. Here, we reviewed the comprehensive genetic alterations in ATC and recent approaches in the context of identifying genomic alterations associated with ATC. Since surprisingly few reports have been published on the genome wide study of ATC, this review puts emphasis on the urgent needs of genomic research for the prevention and treatment of ATC.

• International journal of thyroidology
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.75-77
• /
• 2018

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor is known to prolong progression free survival in radioiodine refractory thyroid cancer patients. Fatigue/asthenia/malaise is one of most common adverse events by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment, and management of the adverse event is important to keep the drug medication longer which is essential for the survival benefit. In the case report, a radioiodine refractory thyroid cancer patient receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitor experienced severe fatigue, and a pathologic fracture of right humerus occurred by slipping down which was tightly linked with the adverse event of the drug. The pathologic fracture was surgically well managed and the adverse event was well controlled by supportive managements combined with dose reduction of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The drug administration to the patient was kept more than 1 year without progression of the disease.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.91-95
• /
• 2021

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid is a very rare malignant tumor with poor prognosis. It is usually diagnosed as an advanced disease infiltrating adjacent organs, and characterized by aggressive clinical course with an average postoperative survival time of less than 1 year. Recently, we had a 79- year-old woman with a painful neck mass who was diagnosed as primary squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid gland. She underwent total thyroidectomy and selective neck dissection(level III, VI) with no further postoperative managements such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy; she died of poor general condition and pneumonia resulting from rapid progression of the lesion on the 38^th day after surgery. We report this case with a review of relevant literatures.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.33-41
• /
• 1993

A multivariate analysis of the prognostic factors and five year survival rate was carried out on a series of 72 thyroid cancers treated surgically from 1980 to 1987 and followed for 1 to 11 years. The prognosis of the disease was significantly influenced by age at diagnosis, extracapsular invasion, angioinvasion and pathologic type, but the disease was not influenced by sex, lymph node metastasis, and 'risk' category. The overall five year survival rate was 89.7%. Six patients were dead of tumor after surviving for six months to two and half years, and the cause of death was local recurrence in three, lung metastasis in two and bone metastasis in one patient. Five year survival rate in age above fifty, presence of capsule and angioinvasion, follicular carcinoma, and extrathyroidal lesion was significantly shorter than that of patients with age below fifty, absence of capsule and angioinvasion, papillary carcinoma, and intrathyroidal lesion. Patients at low risk or with small carcinomas had long survival over 5 years with only lobectomy. Lymph node dissection was done with a limited type in no jugular metastasis, radical neck disscetion was performed only therapeutically in proved jugular node metastasis. Thyroid hormone was administered for the period of 3 to 5 years to suppress endogenous TSH production.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.47-50
• /
• 2013

There has been an increase in the number of reports of atypical manifestations of Graves' disease (GD), such as jaundice, anemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. Pancytopenia also rarely occurs in GD. In this paper, a case of pancytopenia with GD that was successfully treated with an anti-thyroid drug is reported. In this case, a 69-year-old woman showed pancytopenia with a normal peripheral blood smear, bone marrow aspiration smear and bone marrow biopsy. Her thyroid function test and thyroid scintigraphy confirmed her hyperthyroid status. Her laboratory abnormality and clinical condition improved after she was treated with an anti-thyroid drug. This is a rare case of pancytopenia associated with GD.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.126-128
• /
• 2013

Pyogenic liver abscess in patients with malignant disease is a fatal state and is easily diagnosed. We presented a rare case of sudden fatal septicemia following anticancer treatment for recurred gastric cancer due to multiple liver abscesses which could not be diagnosed. A 72-year-old male with recurred gastric cancer received anticancer agents. He had a history of distal gastrectomy with right hepatic lobectomy for hepatic metastasis. He received anticancer treatment in the outpatient's service center periodically, and his performance status was preserved with nothing in particular. After administrating docetaxel, he suddenly developed septicemia and multiple organ failure and died 5 days after strong medical supports. Pathological autopsy revealed that multiple minute abscesses of the liver which could not be detected macroscopically were the causes of fatal septicemia. The etiology, therapies and prognosis of rare entity are being discussed.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.14-21
• /
• 2019

Objectives Thyroid hormone deficiency during the neurodevelopmental period can impair brain development and induce psychiatric symptoms. This study examined the association between thyroid dysfunction and the severity of symptoms in schizophrenia patients, and the treatment response of patients with schizophrenia. Methods Three hundred thirty-eight schizophrenia patients, with no prior history of thyroid disease or taking medication associated with it, were studied. We assessed the blood thyroid hormone level, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores on the day of admission and discharge, admission period, dose of administered antipsychotics, and the number of antipsychotic combinations. The collected data were subsequently analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Pearson's chi-square test. Results The percentage of schizophrenia patients who presented with abnormal thyroid hormone level was 24.6%. High total triiodothyronine (TT3) (p = 0.003), low TT3 (p = 0.001), and high free thyroxine (fT4) (p < 0.001) groups showed a higher BPRS score on admission than did the normal thyroid hormone group, while thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were not significantly correlated with the severity of symptoms. Furthermore, thyroid hormone was not associated with the treatment response assessed by the rate of BPRS score reduction, admission days, use of clozapine, and dose of antipsychotics. Conclusions The TT3 and fT4 hormone levels were significantly associated with the severity of symptoms in schizophrenia patients. These relations suggested that thyroid dysfunction may be associated with the severity of schizophrenia. And hence, further analysis of the results of the thyroid function test, which is commonly used in cases of psychiatric admission, is required.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.134-137
• /
• 1996

Monoclonal antibody(TCM-9) against human thyroid cancers have been studied by screening with human thyroid cancers, normal and benign thyroid tissue, and normal human serum protein. A monoclonal antibody(TCM-9) that is known to have strong specificity for human thyroid cancer but not for Graves' disease, adenoma or normal thyroid does not bind to native or mature human thyroglobulin(Tg). We used to TCM-9 antibody by immunohistochemical staining on 5 follicular cancer, 2 follicular adenoma, 1 follicular neoplasm with suspicious invasion, 2 papillary cancer to ascertain being of help in differentiation between follicular carcinoma and adenoma. Reactivity of TCM-9 was observed in follicular carcinoma and papillary carcinoma but not observed in follicular adenoma. Thus TCM-9 is a novel monoclonal antibody against the thyroid cancer.