• Title/Summary/Keyword: Thyroid, nodules

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Ultrasonogram as a Diagnostic Modality in Thyroid Tumors (갑상선 결절의 진단에서 초음파의 유용성)

  • Cho Yong-Hwan;Hur Jun;Yoon Dae-Kun;Kim Jeong-Jin;Park Yoon-Kyu;Yoon Dae-Won;Park Sung-Gil
    • Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.42-47
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    • 2001
  • Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonogram as a preoperative diagnostic tool in thyroid nodular diseases, this study was carried out. Materials and Methods: From January 1998 to December 1999, 51 patients who underwent thyroidectomy were analyzed retrospectively. We compared the finally histopathological results to ultrasonographical findings such as internal consistency, multiplicity of nodules, nodular ehogenicity, nodular capsule or margin, calcification of nodules. Results: There were 47 females and 4 males with 25 benign tumor, 23 malignant tumor and 3 occult carcinoma in histopathological diagnosis. The solid tumors in ultrasonography carried a probability of malignancy as 66.7%(16/24 cases) whereas cystic or mixed tumors as 16.7%(1/6cases) or 23.8%(5/21cases) (p=0.006). The single nodular diseases carried a high probability of malignancy as 50%(13/26cases) whereas multiple diseases as 28.6%(6/21cases). The hypoechogenicity of thyroid nodular disease showed a probability of malignancy as 60%(9/15cases) whereas mixed-echogenicity as 36.4%(4/11cases). The nodules with poorly-defined margin in ultrasonographic findings showed higher probability of malignancy as 63.6% (7/11cases) than the nodules with well -defined margin as 26.5%(9/34 cases) (p=0.025). The nodules with calcification in ultrasonographic findings were represented to high probability of malignancy as 70.6%(12/17cases) compared to those without calcification as 29.4%(10/34cases) (p=0.005). The differency between ultrasonic and histopathological diagnosis was high in solid nodules(33%), 3-4cm sized nodules (28.6%) and mixed echogenecity(27.3%) whereas low in complex nodules with cystic and solid nature(4.8%), 2-3 cm sized nodules(8.3%) and pooly defined margin(9.1%). The accuracies of sonography in differentiating malignacy from benign thyroid nodules were 7.1% of false positivity, 39.1% of false negativity, 60.9% of sensitivity, 92.9% of specificity and 78.4% of accuracy. Conclusion: Sonographic examination was relatively excellent test as a preoperative diagnostic tool in thyroid nodular diseases when detailed checklists were applied such as internal consistency, multiplicity of nodules, nodular ehogenicity, nodular capsule or margin and calcification of nodules.

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Conventional Ultrasonography and Real Time Ultrasound Elastography in the Differential Diagnosis of Degenerating Cystic Thyroid Nodules Mimicking Malignancy and Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas

  • Wu, Hong-Xun;Zhang, Bing-Jie;Wang, Jun;Zhu, Bei-Lin;Zang, Ya-Ping;Cao, Yue-Long
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.935-940
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    • 2013
  • Background: To evaluate the diagnostic utility of conventional ultrasonography and real time ultrasound elastography in differentiating degenerating cystic thyroid nodules mimicking malignancy from papillary thyroid carcinoma. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed conventional ultrasonographic and elastographic characteristics of 19 degenerating cystic thyroid nodules mimicking malignancy in 19 patients, with 30 surgically confirmed PTCs as controls. Based on size, the nodules had been grouped into less than 10mm (group A) and greater than 10 mm (group B). We evaluated conventional parameters and elasticity pattern. Color-scaled elastograms were graded as to stiffness of nodules using an elasticity pattern from I (soft) to IV (stiff). Results: Degenerating cystic thyroid nodules were similar to PTCs in conventional ultrasonographic findings, but the former frequently showed oval to round in shape (group A, 69.2% vs 18.8%, P=0.017; group B, 66.7% vs 7.14%, P=0.017) and punctuate hyperechoic foci (group A, 61.5% vs 0, P<0.001; group B, 50% vs 0, P<0.001). On real time ultrasound elastography, 7 of 13 degenerating cystic thyroid nodules in group A were pattern I, 5 were pattern II, 1 was pattern III. One degenerating cystic thyroid nodule in group B was pattern II, 5 were pattern III. The area under the curve for elastography was 0.98 in group A (sensitivity 92.3%, specificity 100%, P = 0.002), and 0.88 in group B (sensitivity 16.7%, specificity 100%, P = 0.014). Conclusions: As a dependable imaging technique, elastography helps increase the performance in differential diagnosis of degenerating cystic thyroid nodule and malignancy.

Efficacy of Lauromacrogol Injection for Ablation of Benign Predominantly Cystic Thyroid Nodules and Related Factors: A Prospective Study

  • Yi Jie Dong;Zhen Hua Liu;Jian Qiao Zhou;Wei Wei Zhan
    • Korean Journal of Radiology
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.479-487
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    • 2022
  • Objective: To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of lauromacrogol injection for ablation (LIA) of benign predominantly cystic thyroid nodules and its related factors. Materials and Methods: A total of 142 benign predominantly cystic thyroid nodules (median volume, 12.5 mL; range, 0.4-156 mL) in 137 patients (male:female sex ratio, 36:101; mean age ± standard deviation [SD], 49 ± 13 years) were treated with LIA after being confirmed as benign via cytology. The volume reduction rate (VRR) of the nodules and cosmetic score were evaluated during follow-up at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment and every 6 months thereafter. A VRR of ≥ 50% at the 12-month follow-up was considered to indicate effective treatment. The associations between the clinical factors and nodular ultrasound features, including the initial nodule volume, proportion of solid components, vascularity grade and ineffective treatment (VRR of < 50% at the 12-month follow-up), and regrowth were analyzed. Results: All patients completed follow-up for at least 12 months. The average ± SD follow-up period was 32 ± 11 months (range, 12-54 months). The effective treatment rate was 73.2% (104/142), while the regrowth rate was 12.0% (17/142) at the last follow-up. Grade 2-3 intranodular vascularity in the solid components of the nodules was the only independent factor associated with ineffective treatment, with an odds ratio (reference category, grade 0-1) of 3.054 (95% confidence interval, 1.148-8.127) (p = 0.025). Conclusion: LIA is an effective treatment for predominantly cystic thyroid nodules. Grade 2-3 intranodular vascularity in the solid components of nodules is the only independent risk factor for ineffective LIA.

Diagnostic Value of Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy in Malignant Thyroid Nodules: Utility for Micronodules

  • Unal, Betul;Sezer, Cem
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.15 no.20
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    • pp.8613-8616
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    • 2014
  • Background: The diagnostic approach to thyroid nodules involves ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (US-FNAB). We especially aimed to evaluate the contribution and the place of US-FNAB in preoperative evaluation of the malignant cases and draw attention to discordant cases diagnosed with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). Materials and Methods: A total of 276 cases were retrospectively reviewed who were subsequently diagnosed with a malignancy and who underwent US-FNAB. Results: Some 45 were found to have previously undergone the US-FNAB procedure. Of the patients in whom the surgical specimen was diagnosed with a malignancy, 21 (46.7%) were diagnosed as malignant or suspicious for malignancy, and 24 (53.3%) were concluded as benign or insufficient for diagnosis. Patients with the diagnosis of PTMC outnumbering the others was a striking finding (11 cases, 24%). Conclusions: We suggest performing repeat aspiration biopsy considering sampling errors in cases where inconsistency exists between clinical findings and cytological results in thyroid nodules smaller than 10 mm in diameter and with suspicious findings on ultrasonography.

Ethanol Ablation of the Thyroid Nodules: 2018 Consensus Statement by the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology

  • Soo Yeon Hahn;Jung Hee Shin;Dong Gyu Na;Eun Joo Ha;Hye Shin Ahn;Hyun Kyung Lim;Jeong Hyun Lee;Jeong Seon Park;Ji-hoon Kim;Jin Yong Sung;Joon Hyung Lee;Jung Hwan Baek;Jung Hyun Yoon;Jung Suk Sim;Kwang Hwi Lee;Seon Mi Baek;So Lyung Jung;Yeo Koon Kim;Yoon Jung Choi
    • Korean Journal of Radiology
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.609-620
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    • 2019
  • Minimally invasive treatment of symptomatic thyroid nodules is now commonplace. Ethanol ablation (EA) of thyroid cystic nodules has been performed since the 1990s, but there is no global consensus or guideline. Although various limitations of EA have been described, recommendations for practical application are necessary. Therefore, the Task Force Committee of the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology initiated the present consensus statement and here we provide recommendations for the role of EA in the management of symptomatic thyroid nodules. These recommendations are based on evidence to date from the literature and expert opinion.

2021 Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System and Imaging-Based Management of Thyroid Nodules: Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology Consensus Statement and Recommendations

  • Eun Ju Ha;Sae Rom Chung;Dong Gyu Na;Hye Shin Ahn;Jin Chung;Ji Ye Lee;Jeong Seon Park;Roh-Eul Yoo;Jung Hwan Baek;Sun Mi Baek;Seong Whi Cho;Yoon Jung Choi;Soo Yeon Hahn;So Lyung Jung;Ji-hoon Kim;Seul Kee Kim;Soo Jin Kim;Chang Yoon Lee;Ho Kyu Lee;Jeong Hyun Lee;Young Hen Lee;Hyun Kyung Lim;Jung Hee Shin;Jung Suk Sim;Jin Young Sung;Jung Hyun Yoon;Miyoung Choi
    • Korean Journal of Radiology
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    • v.22 no.12
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    • pp.2094-2123
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    • 2021
  • Incidental thyroid nodules are commonly detected on ultrasonography (US). This has contributed to the rapidly rising incidence of low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma over the last 20 years. The appropriate diagnosis and management of these patients is based on the risk factors related to the patients as well as the thyroid nodules. The Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR) published consensus recommendations for US-based management of thyroid nodules in 2011 and revised them in 2016. These guidelines have been used as the standard guidelines in Korea. However, recent advances in the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules have necessitated the revision of the original recommendations. The task force of the KSThR has revised the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System and recommendations for US lexicon, biopsy criteria, US criteria of extrathyroidal extension, optimal thyroid computed tomography protocol, and US follow-up of thyroid nodules before and after biopsy. The biopsy criteria were revised to reduce unnecessary biopsies for benign nodules while maintaining an appropriate sensitivity for the detection of malignant tumors in small (1-2 cm) thyroid nodules. The goal of these recommendations is to provide the optimal scientific evidence and expert opinion consensus regarding US-based diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules.

Clinical Analysis of Surgically Treated Thyroid Nodules (외과적 치료를 시행한 갑상선 결절의 임상적 고찰)

  • Chang Yong-Keun;Kim Kweon-Cheon
    • Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.70-75
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    • 1999
  • Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the methods of diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules. Materials and Methods : We performed a clinical review of patients with thyroid nodules, who were surgically treated at the Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chosun University from January 1996 to December 1998. Results: 1) The patients were divided into two groups; 65 patients(80.2%) with benign nodular disease and 16 patients(19.8%) with malignant disease. 2) The sex distribution showed a preponderance of females with a ratio of 5.2:1 in benign nodular disease and 3:1 in malignant disease. Benign nodules were more prevalent in patients in their 40's as compared to malignant nodules in patients in their 50's and 60's. 3) The most common duration of illness was 3 months, occurring in 45.7% of the total cases. 4) The most prominent symptom and sign was a palpable nodule in the anterior aspect of the neck. 5) The location of the nodule was ; 41 cases in the right lobe, 29 cases in the left lobe, and 11 cases in both lobes. 6) Thyroid scanning of 40 patients revealed cold nodules in 90.6% of benign nodules and in all malignant disease. 7) Fine needle aspiration cytology were performed in 32 cases of the 81 patients. Comparing with postoperative pathological findings, the results were the same in 87.5% of 32 cases. 8) Intra-operative frozen section study was performed in 56 cases of the 81 patients. Comparing with postoperative pathological finding, the results were same in 96.4% of the 56 cases. 9) The histopathological classification revealed that adenomatous goiters were the most common benign disease and papillary carcinomas were the most common malignant disease. 10) The most frequently employed operation for benign nodules and malignant disease was unilateral total lobectomy. When the metastasis was confirmed, lymphadenectomy and radical neck dissection was performed in malignant disease. 11) Important postoperative complications were transient hoarseness, transient hypocalcemia, hypothyroidism, wound bleeding, and hoarseness. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that palpable nodules in anterior aspect of neck is revealed cold nodule by thyroid scanning and malignancy by fine needle aspiration cytology, which should be removed surgically. There is no difference in complication and survival rate with type of operation and lymphatic dissection. Therefore, procedure of operation is dependent on the site of nodule and involvement of lymph node.

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Patterns of Calcification in Thyroid Nodules; Significance and Malignant Potentiality (갑상선결절내 석회화소견과 갑상선암종과의 연관성)

  • Choi Jong-Ouck;Lee Jae-Yong;Chung Keun;Choi Geun
    • Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.30-34
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    • 1997
  • Objectives: Calcification of the thyroid nodule has been reported to have a close relationship with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, however there are limited studies on the relationship between the calcified thyroid nodule and thyroid malignancy. The authors studied the clinical significance of calcification within the thyroid nodule. Materials and Methods: There were total of 60 patients who underwent surgery for calcified thyroid nodules which were identified from plain neck X-ray, ultrasound and computed tomography during the period January 1991 to June 1996 at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of Korea University Hospital. Six patients were not included because of recurrence and previous thyroid surgery. Histopathologic and radiologic analysis was done on the remaining 54 patients. Results: Results showed that 25 of 54 cases(46%) to be malignant histopathologically. Of the 25 malignant cases, papillary carcinoma was the most common with 22 cases followed by 2 cases of undifferentiated carcinoma and I case of medullary carcinoma. Statistically high incidence of malignancy was observed when the consistency of calcified thyroid nodule was solid, shape of calcification was irregular and inhomogenous, and adhesion of calcified thyroid nodule to the regional structure was present. Conclusion: The probability that a thyroid nodule is malignant has been reported to be 3­20%. However, about half of the thyroid nodules with calcification found to be malignant on this study, calcification of the thyroid nodule can be used as a guideline for detecting thyroid malignancy.

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Technical Report: A Cost-Effective, Easily Available Tofu Model for Training Residents in Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Thyroid Nodule Targeting Punctures

  • Yun-Fei Zhang;Hong Li;Xue-Mei Wang
    • Korean Journal of Radiology
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.166-170
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    • 2019
  • Objective: To establish a cost-effective and easily available phantom for training residents in ultrasound-guided fine needle thyroid nodule targeting punctures. Materials and Methods: Tofu, drinking straws filled with coupling gel, a urine tube, and 21-gauge needles were used to generate a phantom thyroid with nodules for training. Twelve radiology residents were involved in the study. The puncture success rates were recorded and compared before and after phantom training using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: On ultrasonography, tofu mimicked the texture of the thyroid. Drinking straws filled with coupling gel mimicked vessels. The urine tube filled with air mimicked the trachea, and 21-gauge needles mimicked small nodules in the transverse section. The entire phantom was similar to the structure of the thyroid and surrounding tissues. The puncture success rates of radiology residents were significantly increased from 34.4 ± 14.2% to 66.7 ± 19.5% after training (p = 0.003). The phantom was constructed in approximately 10 minutes and materials cost less than CNY 10 (approximately $ 1.5) at a local store. Conclusion: The tofu model was cost-effective, easily attainable, and effective for training residents in ultrasound-guided fine needle thyroid nodule targeting punctures in vitro.

Twelve-Month Volume Reduction Ratio Predicts Regrowth and Time to Regrowth in Thyroid Nodules Submitted to Laser Ablation: A 5-Year Follow-Up Retrospective Study

  • Roberto Negro;Gabriele Greco;Maurilio Deandrea;Matteo Rucco;Pierpaolo Trimboli
    • Korean Journal of Radiology
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    • v.21 no.6
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    • pp.764-772
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    • 2020
  • Objective: Laser ablation is a therapeutic modality used to reduce the volume of large benign thyroid nodules. Unsatisfactory reduction and regrowth are observed in some treated nodules. The aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes of laser treatment for solid nodules during a 5-year follow-up period, the regrowth rate, and the predictive risk factors of nodule regrowth. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated patients with benign, solid, cold thyroid nodules who underwent laser ablation and were followed-up for 5 years. According to the selection criteria, 104 patients were included (median baseline nodule volume, 12.5 mL [25.0-75.0%, 8-18 mL]; median energy delivered, 481.5 J/mL [25.0-75.0%, 370-620 J/mL]). Nodule volume, thyroid function test results, and ultrasound were evaluated at baseline and then annually after the procedure. Results: Of 104 patients, 31 patients (29.8%) had a 12-month volume reduction ratio (VRR) < 50.0% and 39 (37.5%) experienced nodule regrowth. Of these 39 patients, 17 (43.6%) underwent surgery and 14 (35.9%) underwent a second laser treatment. The rate of nodule regrowth was inversely related to the 12-month VRR, i.e., the lower the 12-month VRR, the higher the risk of regrowth (p < 0.001). The mean time for nodule regrowth was 33.5 ± 16.6 months. The 12-month VRR was directly related to time to regrowth, i.e., the lower the 12-month VRR, the shorter the time to regrowth (p < 0.001; R2 = 0.3516). Non-spongiform composition increased the risk of regrowth with an odds ratio of 4.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8-10.2; p < 0.001); 12-month VRR < 50.0% increased the risk of regrowth with an odds ratio of 11.7 (95% CI 4.2-32.2; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The VRR of thyroid nodules subjected to similar amounts of laser energy varies widely and depends on the nodule composition; non-spongiform nodules are reduced to a lesser extent and regrow more frequently than spongiform nodules. A 12-month VRR < 50.0% is a predictive risk factor for regrowth and correlates with the time to regrowth.